The World War I An Era Of Social Unrest - 1114 Words

From 1890 to World War I, U.S experienced an era of social unrest, racial concerns, and questioning of true democracy. Many of these problems arise from the economic problems faced by growing American middle class. Because economy and politics are close linked, political parties and party platforms were inevitability affected by these changes in social patterns. A new political party, populists’ party, gained widespread acknowledgement from Americans while democrats and republicans set out to remake their platforms to fit the ideals of the common man. Faced with growing economic and expansion problems in American society, these three major influential parties of the era had their own distinct economic visions as well as similar interests as time progressed on. In early 1890s, democratic and republicans were similar in their support for industrialists. 1890 marked the end of Gilded Age as well as a beginning of progressive era. Gilded Age is an age of industrial giant dominat ion in politics and economics in United States. Therefore, political parties had little influence on economics since economy was controlled by private business owners and big corporations like Standard Oil Company. Since both parties were tainted with political corruptions, they sided with the industrialists and bankers in their economic and political agendas. The main difference in their agendas was their split beliefs in tariff regulation. The tariff conflict was aShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of the First World War on the Decline of the Liberal Party1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of the First World War on the Decline of the Liberal Party The Liberal Party won the 1906 election by a landslide victory and accomplished much to improve the living and working conditions within England. Shortly after the First World War had passed the Liberal Party’s support declined greatly, but why? Dangerfield believed that the state of the Liberal Party was that they were doomed to fail prior to the outbreak of war in 1914. Despite the Liberal Partys many Read MoreThe French Revolution1575 Words   |  7 PagesJust about any country that one can name has some history of civil unrest, class issues, rioting in the streets, and outright warfare. These patterns of behavior are common denominators for most civilization in the world. The names, faces, and places may change, but the motivations are generally the same, because of the need for change and the willingness to do whatever is necessary to achieve it. In contrast to the United States, which was in the process of freeing itself from British colonial ruleRead MoreRussia As One Of The World s Superpowers1545 Words   |  7 Pagesonce underdog into a world leader as the second half of the 21st century approached. Revolution: The start of Russia as we know it begins with the fall of the Romanovs. Russia entered the 20th century under the rule of Nicholas II, the last of the Romanovs. Eventually, his incompetency as a leader caught up to him as a series of massive blunders, including the likes of and the Russo-Japanese War. Russia’s poor performance in this conflict, along with general public unrest, led to Bloody SundayRead MoreNormalcy: The New Slang1144 Words   |  5 PagesRoaring Twenties were a turbulent time in American history. The United States had just returned from the carnage of World War I and was ready to revolutionize their ideas, morals, and most importantly, their presidents. The presidential election of 1920 was a particularly integral election due to the introduction of the right of women to vote and Americas social political unrest. Warren G. Harding, a Republican, defeated Democrat James M. Cox, on a platform that urged Americans to return toRead MorePuse, Mark Diego C. Pol Eco Current World Issues T-Th1591 Words   |  7 PagesPuse, Mark Diego C. Pol Eco Current World Issues T-Th 6:30-8:00 201314530 Prof. Edwin Padrilanan The effects of the fall of the USSR. Objectives: to tackle and discuss the different effects and implications of the fall of USSR I. Introduction To better understand the implications and effects of the downfall of the USSR, we must first take a look on how the state was formed along with its ideologies and principles as a governing body, and what caused its downfall and demiseRead MoreHow Can Families Created Following Second Marriages Learn to Function as One?918 Words   |  4 PagesName Professor Course Date Social and Economics Change in North during 1790 to 1860 Most of the historians and papers look at the United States after the Civil War in order to trace the impetus for economic growth, people imagine the Civil War as a major force to unite and to move forward to an economic expansion. But, in reality, the important era of the economic development was prior 1790 to 1860 or the era prior to the Civil War. The western expansion provided with natural resourcesRead MoreEurope Witnessed Revolutions Essay786 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent perspective of the events that took place. At the start of the 19th century, Napoleon was defeated along with his militaristic agenda, and Europe now entered many new phases of social reform. Industrialization had slowly provided much of Europe a new means of production and architecture. Artwork during this era reflected the new technology in paintings often depicting men, women, and even children working in factories. In an engraving by Gustave Dore’ there is a somber tone to the perpetualRead MoreItalian Fascism: Economic Success or Social Failure1272 Words   |  6 PagesItalian Fascism: Economic Success or Social Failure Italian Fascism: Economic Success or Social Failure Benito Mussolini’s development of the National Fascist Party in 1919 (H, 2010) provided great hope for a suffering nation of Italian people. Although Fascism grew quickly with an optimism of ending great economic and social turmoil, Mussolini’s Fascist ideologies eventually lead to an isolated nation. By further exploring the history of Benito Mussolini and his radical Fascist ideologiesRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties And The Great Gatsby1284 Words   |  6 PagesRoaring Twenties Eng III I-Hui Chen Period3 1920 is a really important time in America, it starts after the World War One until the Great Depression. People start to enjoy their life and having parties, alcohol, everything is about money and goods. We can see people’s amazing and colorful life from the,†The Great Gatsby†. But was The life at Twenties really this wonderful? Or actually there’s a lot of hard things behind the amazing life? This era is after the World War One, there’s not onlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Miss Yellow Eyes By Shirley Ann Grau1292 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans faced during this era. In the 1950s the south faced segregation, the civil rights movement and a draft to enlist men to fight in the Korean War. This story is a first person narrative that describes the lives of two young African American men faced with segregation and injustices in America that promised liberty for all. Grau reveals by the use of foil how a young black man chooses to survive segregation and the social prejudices of this era. We first are introduced to Chris

African American Leaders Post- Reconstruction Essay

In 1854 Abraham Lincoln gave his Peoria, Kansas speech opposing slavery stating the Kansas Act had a declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery, I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because† it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world†. Abraham Lincoln became the sixteenth President of the United States in 1861. Growing up in non-slave territories as a child and disapproving of slavery, Lincoln had little support in the South. With the country moving forward into a new capitalist society through modernization, new workers would be needed. The South, dependent on slave labor that Lincoln opposed begin to†¦show more content†¦I have here stated my purpose, according to my view of official duty; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free†. In 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipa tion freeing slaves whom belonged to the Confederacy, he had no control over and allowing the freedom of former slaves. The Emancipation Proclamation allowed freed slaves into the United States military Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born a slave in 1818 on the eastern shores of Maryland, becoming a companion of the slave owner’s children. After the death of Aaron Anthony the plantation master, Frederick was sent to Baltimore to work for Hugh and Sophia Auld. At the age of twelve years old Sophia Auld began to teach Frederick how to read despite it being against the law in Maryland. In 1837 Frederick meant Anna Murray a free black woman who would become his wife. With a desire to be free, Frederick decided to run away with the help of Anna by pretending to be a sailor and living off savings to cover costs. Dropping his two middle names and changing his last name to Douglass he arrives in New York at the home of an abolitionist. Of his arrival, he wrote â€Å"I have often been asked how I felt when first I found myself on free soil. And my readers may share the same curiosity. There is scarcely anything in my experience about which I could not give a more satisfactory answer. A new world had opened upon me. IfShow MoreRelatedReconstruction and Industrialization1446 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1: â€Å"America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains† Reconstruction and Industrialization 1865-1900 Four years after the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter the Civil War ended with the Union’s Victory over the Confederacy. Though the war was over, there were still many problems that needed to be resolved in order to reunite the states as a nation. The time period in which steps were taken to rebuild the nation is known as reconstruction. Reconstruction lasted from 1865 until 1877. TheRead MoreReconstruction Essay908 Words   |  4 PagesReconstruction was the time between 1863 and 1877 when the U.S. focused on abolishing slavery, destroying the Confederacy, and reconstructing the nation and the Constitution and is also the general history of the post-Civil War era in the U.S. between 1865 and 1877. Under Abraham Lincoln, presidential reconstruction began in each state as soon as federal troops controlled most of the state. The usual ending date is 1877, when the Compromise of 1877 saw the collapse of the last Republican state governmentsRead MoreRecostruction Era a nd African American Integration1333 Words   |  5 PagesMany Americans and people around the world remember the Civil War for a number of reasons. Some will argue that Northern victory in the war preserved the world’s first democracy. Others argue that the Civil War did not weaken the United States; it merely exposed the flaws in government and where it could be made stronger henceforth. Often, many forget that the Civil War affected the fate of nearly four million Americans, or slaves, as they were then labeled. The leaders of the Reconstruction wereRead MoreU.s. Army And The Civil War965 Words   |  4 PagesArmy personnel were deeply involved throughout the process of reconstruction. Beyond their tremendous effort to strengthen the Freedman’s Bureau, the military oversaw voter registration and elections, established schools, prohibited alcohol, tried to settle property disputes, contracted labor systems and most importantly, maintained law and order. The violenc e that erupted in the South during the years of reconstruction was dreadful. With military occupation, white violence against blacks did notRead MoreTo What Extent Did The South Kill Reconstruction?1152 Words   |  5 Pages To What Extent did the South Kill Reconstruction? Reconstruction was a time of great change for the now-unified United States. It started in 1865, coinciding with the Union win of the Civil War. Reconstruction is defined as ‘the process by which the states that had seceded were reorganized as part of the Union after the Civil War.† This means that the Northern states were given the task of trying to decide what to do with the states that left the Union before the war. Deciding what to do withRead MoreThe Impact Of The Civil Rights Movement1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe issue of civil rights was a major one throughout the post-Civil War Reconstruction period and remained so throughout the period leading up to the Korean War in the 1960s. The civil rights struggle was caused largely by southern states’ treatment of African Americans. Slavery was a rampant practice in the pre-Civil War south, and even those African Americans who managed to obtain their freedom were not treated as equals to other citizens in the sou thern states. Free black men did not have theRead MoreReconstruction : North And South1439 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 17 - Reconstruction: North and South America after the Civil War The War s Aftermath the fate of the former Confederacy, newly freed slaves, and the reforming US were all hot topics post war Development in the North the civil war was a social revolution in many ways; allowing great social and political reform and a flow of thoughts that were usually tided Morrill Tariff - doubled the average import duties National Banking Act - created a uniform system of banking and kanknote currencyRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction Periods1118 Words   |  5 PagesRevolution The Civil War and Reconstruction periods had many positive outcomes for America, such as the reunification of the Union, the expansion of the North and South’s economy, education for all, and much more. Although there were many positive results from these two periods, there was also an aftermath of much failure. The post Civil War, and Reconstruction period consisted of the formation of the Ku Klux Klan and the black code laws. Despite the fact that African American’s were no longer slavesRead MoreThe Jim-Crow Era: An Omitted Era in American History1524 Words   |  7 Pagesinitiation, the new style of slavery in the south, and the way it re-shaped the lives of African Americans all across the country, its re-enforcement in the beginning of the twentieth century, its major supporters, like the Ku Klux Klan. Confederate state leaders, and its major oppositions like the rise of the Civil Rights Movement, and the idea of the United States setting a global example of Democ racy in post-World War Two times. The Jim-Crow era, Jim-Crow laws, or simply Jim Crow was the systematicRead MoreThe Dilemma Facing African Americans During The First Years Decades After Emancipation1557 Words   |  7 Pagesdilemma facing African Americans during the first few decades after emancipation was profound. The post Civil War-Reconstruction era in the South was one where African Americans had political voting rights, members of Congress, and a vision for the future that would extend the principles of democratic government to all black people. Quickly though, it changed to a situation that was akin to slavery itself. With the removal of the Federal forces in the South following Reconstruction, the gains that

Electronics Essay Research Paper The invention of free essay sample

Electronicss Essay, Research Paper The innovation of the microprocessor in 1971 was a immense milepost that finally changed everyone? s mundane lives. This innovation enabled the universe to have a personal computing machine in their place every bit good as their office. Peoples were able to work more expeditiously and increasingly with these new electronic devices. Electronicss today provides the universe with an infinite sum of information at a much faster velocity than that information would of all time hold been available before. The American populace is dependent on the use of many electronics in their lives such as the telecasting, sound receiving systems, and amplifiers to remain updated on global issues. Electronicss besides provide a superior tool for patterned advance in the concern universe today. Business people rely on electronics to pass on with each other faster and to hive away and rapidly form huge sums of indispensable informations. Electronicss are bettering at a blindingly fast rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronics Essay Research Paper The invention of or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The newest engineering from five old ages ago is literally disused today. Electronicss are besides being used for new intents continuously. The Internet, or World Wide Web, is a comparatively new construct of being? on-line? . This new undertaking has opened a illimitable figure of doors for our society. Now anyone can utilize the Internet to pass on with anybody else in the universe a batch faster and cheaper. Cellular phones have besides appeared late in the electronic universe. These devices allow a individual to be reached from practically anyplace. With cellular phones a individual can, from so on, be in communicating tungsten ith the universe no affair where they go. For the following coevals, electronics will surely offer new yet simpler engineering available to the general populace. Home references and phone Numberss will be replaced with Internet references. Business people will be able to hold entree to tools such as picture conferencing and such in their places. The workplace will finally go disused. Transportation vehicles will be dominated by electric autos as natural gas supplies decline around the Earth. New processs for making power will be found and utilized. The current and approaching progresss in engineering will make a steady rise of the patterned advance of the mundane life experience. I plan to inscribe in a really esteemed university after high school and major in electrical technology. I plan to lend my clip during my surveies toward new possible designs of electronics and engineering. I realize that advanced heads are the anchor of the way engineering will take and, cognizing this, I will run into up to the challenges and technological walls now confronting us and try to mount over these obstructions. The increasing function of engineering in our lives is more incredible than anything imagined antecedently. I will utilize my accomplishments as an electrical applied scientist to aid make new, undreamed possibilities come true for the benefit of the following coevals. The bound in engineering with electronics today is non based on what rush our computing machines run at or how little our phones can be ; it is based on how innovative the heads of the persons behind the engineering are.

The 15 Best SEO Tools for Content Marketers in 2018

As Google’s algorithm continues to evolve, having the best SEO tools at your fingertips is essential if you want to remain competitive online. But with so many tools out there, where do you begin? To help boost your SEO and content marketing efforts, here are some of the best free and paid SEO tools we recommend: Free Actionable Bonus: Looking to elevate your SEO strategy?We partnered with Jay Baer of Convince Convert to create this free ebook on 6 Ways to Fix Your Barebones SEO Strategy Best Free SEO Tools in 2018 Google’s Search Console Novice-friendly and straight from the highest search engine authority, Google’s Search Console is too wide-ranging to go into here, but two highlights are: Fetch as Google, which helps you see a particular URL as Google sees it. PageSpeed Insights, which measures the performance of your website on desktop and mobile. HubSpot’s Website Grader This online tool generates personalized reports based on website performance, security, mobile readiness, on-page SEO, and more. To get started, you just need your website URL and an email address. Found’s SEO Audit Tool This is another tool that helps you identify common SEO errors on your site. Simply enter your URL and receive an instant SEO report, which evaluates your technical SEO, content, and external links. Structured Data Markup Helper Structured data markup is a universal language format that Google uses to improve their search results. With the growth of rich snippets, applying structured data on your site matters more than ever before. This tool from Google shows where you can add markup and how to do it. Seobility This user-friendly tool is a good place to start if you want to perform a quick SEO audit of your website. You’ll get tips on improving your on-site SEO, keyword strategy, page rankings, and more. SEM Rush Want to check out the competition? Here, you can enter any URL and view every keyword the page ranks for, how high the page ranks, the keyword monthly search volume, the top backlinks, and more. You can also track keywords from any geographical location to help you discover local competition. Check My Links This Chrome extension quickly finds all the links on a web page, highlighting which ones are valid in green, and which ones are broken in red. It works for internal and external links, making it easy for any publisher to fix web pages before they go live. Google Correlate Find out which keywords tend to get searched for together, and discover real-world search patterns. For example, if you input â€Å"Halloween shops,† the tool tells you that people searching for this term also search for â€Å"Halloween party treats† and â€Å"funny Halloween costumes.† Ahrefs Keywords Explorer Many content marketers use Ahrefs for checking backlinks, but it’s capable of so much more. As well as domain analytics and keyword planning tools, it will also identify the top performing content of your competitors. Long Tail Pro This powerful, cloud-based keyword research tool will calculate keyword competitiveness for any niche. Use it to find thousands of low competition, long tail keywords in a matter of minutes. HitTail HitTail is one of the only keyword tools that generates keyword suggestions by analyzing your existing website traffic. It’s useful for finding relevant long tail keywords that other tools often overlook. Authority Labs This tool helps you track keyword rankings by country, city, or even postal code. It also allows you to track your competitors’ highest ranking search terms, helping you compete more effectively. Bright Local If you want to make sure your business listings and citations are consistent across the internet, this tool is for you. It can help you clean up incorrect, duplicate, or missing NAP details online, and will also monitor your online reviews. Raven Tools Raven tools is one of the best site auditor tools around. Unlike some other tools, it shows you exactly how to fix any SEO issues it finds. It will scan your site for thin or duplicate content, and it can also report on your marketing campaigns in terms of SEO, PPC, and social media effectiveness. BuzzSumo Primarily a keyword research and social monitoring tool, BuzzSumo shows you which content is being shared most online, and who shared it. It will also send you alerts based on your chosen keywords or brand names, so it’s great for competitor analysis and finding key influencers in your industry. Choose the Best SEO Tools for You Using a range of SEO tools is crucial to improving your organic search visibility and attracting customers to your business. Of course, there are hundreds of other tools with different functions and varying price points, but this list is a good place to start. You’ll find some more useful than others, so give them a try and find out which ones work best for you and your business. Do you need unique, quality content to support your SEO goals? Constant Content connects you with thousands of professional writers able to create articles, ebooks, product descriptions and other assets that engage readers while increasing search rank.

Coulrophobia Research Results

Under 40 In this part of the research study, two children of 5 and 6 were interviewed in order to get their general impression on clowns. The two young children indicated that they thought that clowns were â€Å"scary† due to the weird way they looked, the sounds they made and the general behavior or attitude that they constantly displayed. This made me believe that coulrophobia is a kind of a manifestation of one’s fears towards something unknown. In the next section, people of 40 and above age category will help one to clarify this assumption.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Coulrophobia Research Results specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Above 40 An examination of two research subjects in this category reveals that people of this age do not have coulrophobia. Instead, they either find clowns funny or annoying, depending on the situation. When asked if they feared clowns in their childhood, they wou ld say they did, however, as they grew older, their fear gradually faded since they gained an understanding of what a â€Å"clown† was. Discovery Based on the results of the examination, I have to say that I discovered that coulrophobia among children is related to the concept of the â€Å"strange and unknown† wherein children tend to view the general appearance of clowns as being completely different from what they are used to, resulting in the development of fear towards them. The article â€Å"Coulrophobia† (2011) underlines the fact that clowns are normally portrayed positively in children’s shows, as such, the development of a certain degree of fear towards them is connected more with a psychological reaction related to facing something new, unknown and thus â€Å"scary† (Coulrophobia, 2011). Evidence supporting the article that examines the given age category, showed that by obtaining knowledge about the identity and purpose of clowns, people eventually overcame all fear towards them. Engaging in Sociological Research For me, engaging in sociological research was quite interesting since it allowed me to understand how people view certain types of fears and how it affected them based on the demographic of the research subject. Personal Opinion When making research on the ability of the media to influence people, various readings stress it out that the media definitely did have an impact on the way people developed preconceived notions in regards to certain subjects. For example, Layton in his study (2010), pointed out that the development of social perceptions regarding people, places and things through the media without prior research or sufficient understanding on the part of the viewer is considered to be a form of irrational exuberance, which is a psychological process, where people tend to model their behavior on the actions of others (Layton, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we c an help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that if the mass media were to portray an individual in a bad light, the process of irrational exuberance would ensure that people who rely on the media for information are likely to view this individual with disdain as well (Lunt Livingstone, 2013). Taking this into consideration, irrational exuberance can, thus, be applied to other factors, such as inanimate objects, specific jobs (i.e. being a clown), among other examples. When an individual is more knowledgeable about the fact that their irrational exuberance tends to wear off, he or she formulates more logical methods of decision making. This explains why presently people are quick to judge others through the media. Reference List Coulrophobia. (2011). Economist, 398(8734), 74. Layton, L. (2010). Irrational exuberance: Neoliberal subjectivity and the perversion of truth. Subjectivity: International Journal Of Critical Psychology, 3(3), 303-322. Lunt, P., Livingstone, S. (2013). Media studies’ fascination with the concept of the public sphere: critical reflections and emerging debates. Media, Culture   Society, 35(1), 87-96. This essay on Coulrophobia Research Results was written and submitted by user Bryant T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Create a Countdown Timer for Websites With PHP Mktime

Create a Countdown Timer for Websites With PHP Mktime Because the ist_dst parameter used in this example was deprecated in PHP 5.1 and removed in PHP 7, it is not safe to rely on this  code to deliver accurate results in current versions of PHP. Instead, use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. If your webpage focuses on a specific event in the future such as Christmas or your wedding, you may want to have a countdown timer to let users know how long it is until the event occurs. You can do this in PHP using timestamps and the mktime function. The  mktime() function is used to artificially generate the timestamp for a selected date and time. It works the same as the time() function, except it is for a specified date and not necessarily todays date. How to Code the Countdown Timer Set a target date. For  example, use February 10th, 2017. Do that with this line, which follows the syntax :  mktime(hour,minute,second,month,day,year: ist _dst). $target mktime(0, 0, 0, 2, 10, 2017) ;Establish the current date with this line: $today time () ;To find the difference between the two dates, simply subtract: $difference ($target-$today) ;Since the timestamp is measured in seconds, convert the results into whatever units you want. For hours, divide by 3600. This  example uses days so divide by 86,400- the number of seconds in a day. To make sure the number is an integer, use the tag int. $days (int) ($difference/86400) ;Put it all together for the final code: ?php $target mktime(0, 0, 0, 2, 10, 2017) ; $today time () ; $difference ($target-$today) ; $days (int) ($difference/86400) ; print Our event will occur in $days days; ?

Apocalypse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apocalypse - Essay Example The film has its direction of Edgar Wright. The story is about a man who is attempting to get focus on his life and deal with a bigger issue of dealing with the rising of the Zombie Apocalypse. The film depicts the current cultural phenomenon in Hollywood and around the world as we will see when comparing and contrasting the two films. The antagonists in both the "Blade Runner" and "Shaun of the Dead" depict human-like characteristic in their physical form but are still monsters. The stories are science fiction that depicts the robot apocalypse and a zombie apocalypse. They are both set in the future. The changes that modernity brought into the world and advancement in technology is what led to the making of the two films. "Shaun of the Dead" shows anxiety through the spread of viral capitalism around the world. The zombie apocalypse leads to denial of the people to ever go back to normalcy (Wright, 2004). "Blade Runner" also has a form of denial when the cooperations that comes up with replicants who do not want to go back to humans. It is because the replicants are more human than human beings (Scott, 1982). It shows how the future people are satisfied with the apocalypse of either zombies or genetically engineered replicants. There is a fear among the human race about a possible apocalypse as we see the making of the two films. The human beings in both films defend themselves from the unwanted creatures that have invaded the earth. â€Å"Shaun from the dead† has the people from the bar defend themselves after the return of the zombies to haunt them. The zombies feed on human beings thus the rise of the zombies means the end of the human population (Wright, 2004). The replicants from â€Å"Blade Runner† are also created to finish the human population as they are superior to human beings. The humans must, therefore, fight against the robots before the monsters lead to their end. We see the fight between human beings and the replicants from the film (Scott,

Classical argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classical argument - Essay Example These regulations are adopted in most airlines although they are in constant conflict between the newly introduced smoking law introduced in 1989 in The United States and the human rights laws. Among the pros is that nonsmokers travel in a conducive environment. The passive-smoker is exposed to more harm than the direct smoker himself in terms of effects such as lung cancer, colds, and sore eyes as a result of dwindling air circulation. Therefore, in-flight smoking law has achieved its purpose to offer comfort and enhancing safety in flights. There are those who argue that flights are also like work places and similar to allowing smoking there, so should smoking be done in flights to observe the right of free will provided flight attendants utilize all air channels in the plane. Some talk of introduction of smoking zones in the planes. I do not agree that this should justify allowing in-flight smoking compared to the disadvantages that include even possible fires on the plane and health challenges. In-flight smoking ought to be emphasized in or airlines and banned for

Customer service - M Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Customer service - M - Coursework Example It is vital for Tesco to build trust amid customers regarding prices and its stability to attain increased competitiveness. Tesco in order to meet its standards has undertaken initiatives to create immense value for its customers as well as shareholders through leveraging its experiences. The vision of Tesco is â€Å"to offer simple, transparent, and convenient products which reward its customers’ loyalty and strengthen their bond with the business† (Tesco Plc, 2014). Tesco complies with requisite legal aspects and best business practices to meet its customer demand for securing increased profit. The aim of Tesco is to provide best services to every customer in order to enhance customer loyalty towards the brand. The objective of the study is to understand the importance of legal aspects, customer service standards, and performances relevant to Tesco and its customers. Customers are bestowed with numerous rights and protections in order to get the best results and prevent offensive practices within the business. Tesco understands the legal rights of consumers and hence provides proper information about its products to them. Moreover, to ensure effective management of the customer services, Tesco provides helpline numbers and customer helpdesk and resolve their queries and complaints. From the perspective of organisational requirements, it is important for Tesco to provide a better shopping experience and deliver a proper after sales services for encouraging customers engage in repeated sales. Customer satisfaction is the key to success and hence it is important to understand and track their changing needs. Ensuring ethical operation and knowing customers are essential for business to sustain in the long-run. Every company needs to follow certain rules and legislation, along with external regulations to manage customers in a fair and efficient mann er. It is observed that complying with legal aspects enhance the quality of services.

Morrison Takeover Safeway Plc

Morrison Takeover Safeway Plc This part of the proposal provides the overview of the study relating to merges and acquisition in UK grocery retailers giants. One of the most maligned antitrust decisions in the history in UK involves acquisition of grocery retailer giant, the fourth largest supermarket Safeway takeover by Morrison in 2004. In 1990s, retail markets throughout the world began to be transformed by acquisition and merges. Many of the worlds largest retailers, particularly in the food and grocery sectors involves and this is to reduce the struggling competition between the leading competitor and positioned themselves to dominate or becomes holders of major market share (wrighley, 2000a, lowe, 2002). However such an event still remain a non-routine and challenging occurrence within the life time of the individual organisation and its members merges and acquisition is still one of the areas of finance which attracted interest from the general public as well as the finance analyst and the managers According to (Glen 2008) said that expanding the activities of the firms through acquisition involves significant uncertainties (Schweiger and Ivancevich, 1985) Rappaport (1998) stated that, the basic objectives of making acquisition is identical to any other investment associated with a companys overall strategy, i.e. to add value. In practise, the motivation for expansion through merges, and the diverse range of issue such as action rises by using discounted cash flow technique. First of I would like to define merges and acquisition:- MERGES- Is used to mean the combing of two business entities which result in common ownership. Merges could be either horizontal integration, vertical integration and conglomerate integration. Horizontal integration, where two companies in the same industry, whose operation are very closely related is combined, that of the case of Morrison and Safeway. One of the motives advanced for horizontal merges is that economic of scale can be achieved, but not all merges achieve such gains or enhancement of market power resulting from the reduction in competition Merges and acquisition can have a profound impact on an organisational member and their family (Hayes,1981) indeed, merges and acquisition can sufficiently transform the organisational structure ,system ,processes and culture of one or both of the firm that people often feel stressed, frustrated and even frightened {Schweiger and ivancevich 1985} Although, the recent retailing revolution in the early 1990s resulted in a number of very significant developments. The grow in size of retailers not only replaced the manufacturers dominance in the supply chain but also eliminated many wholesaler and started the trend towards backward integration of the retailer. in 1990s,there is continued concentration and consolidation in all areas of supermarket sector (Davies and Ward, 2000). The industry structure is characterised by a number of common attributes including greater store size increase in retailer concentration and adoption of a range of formats by retailers to reach as wider as their customer catchment areas. Back in January 2003 Morrison, the mostly north of England based supermarket chain, announced that it had been in discussion with Safeway over a proposed takeover. The takeover would give Morrison access to the market in the south which has been difficult to break into. Morrisons bid to buy 480 stores of Safeway that will put it major competitors for the other big supermarket chains, Tesco, Sainsbury and Asda. The current market share of Morrison as at January 2008 is at 11.4% and make it the smallest of the big four supermarket and behind Tesco (31.5), Asda (16.8) Sainsbury (15.9), but far head off the fifth place Co-operative Group (4.4%).The merges could put Morrison on a par with Sainsbury. After the takeover of Safeway, the Morrison family currently owns around 15.5% of the company. According to Hayes 1981, stated that indeed, merges and acquisition often feel stressed and frustration because of the fear of loosing their job, their family life and the culture that they must have to changes. In light of this economic approach to defining markets and approaches that turn entirely on how customers respond to prices changes. In the u k, following the Wal-marts market entry in 1999, popular perception has focused on Alhoids acquisition with Sainsbury. Indeed, Alhold has regularly been obliged to damp down market speculation on the issue .However, given such a merges, not only would it then faced competing head to head in the UK market with the other supermarkets. Although the competition commission found that little evidence of monopolistic behaviour, the findings indicated both the significance of buyer concentration and the need for voluntary regulation (Cooper, 2003 Dobson et al, 2003) The takeover has not yet gone through smoothly due to the involvement of other potential buyer, including the other main supermarket entering the race. As a result of this, the Competition Commission investigated the issue. The commission found that, of the major supermarkets, only Morrison should be allowed to proceed with a potential takeover of Safeway. However this does not rule out another potential buyer. Phillip Green, billionaire owner of Top Shop and British Home Stores (BHS) has also expressed an interest in Safeway. The commission has recommended that if Morrison is successful in their bid that they will have to sell off some of the stores to ensure that competition is not compromised. Here in UK regulation which is the issue both the land-use planning regulation which restricts the other supermarket Wal-Marts ability to develop ASDA stores at a sufficiently rapid pace to challenge for market leadership and the threats of regulatory action to safeguard competition . UK food retailers makes clear Competition Commission ,2000 Vol. 1 Morrison could safely add significant market share in the southern England, Northern Ireland ,Scotland and Wales without triggering regulatory action. As a result, although Safeway as an operational entity would be unattractive to Wal-Mart, and some of the assets of Safeway certainly would be (Poole et al.,2002) stated that for an attempt to address this issue, similar scenario can be considered in the case of Safeway and Morrison s which has stores with a price-positioning and format ideal for Wal-Mart. Unfortunately Morrisons regional market strength mirror those of ASDA and acquisition of Morrisons operations in west-midlands and Southern would inevitably trigger regulatory action. Morrison with the family-owned regional chain, is likely to want to see that independent maintained or, at least its essence continued, in any link up with larger retailer Morrison has slashed prices on over 800 Safeway products to bring them in line with its prices strategy. After the takeover of Safeway in march 2004, of the leading supermarket chain which owned 479 stores, mainly in Scotland and South of England. The acquisition ran into difficulties caused by the outgoing management of Safeway changing their accounting system just six weeks before the transaction was completed. This results of series of profit warning being issue by Morrison that leads to poor financial results and a need to revert to manual system. Morrison currently has 375 superstores in the UK, this including new store opening by the end of 2007. Until 2004, Morrison superstores were largely concentrated in the English midland and the north of England, but expanded southward, Most of its stores operates home wares with fewer electronic, clothing than the main supermarket rivals. Morrisons strategy is based on doing the basic efficiently, selling predominantly food at lower prices and doing so only from large stores. This is the different approach from the other three big chain, which have moved into service such as banking and insurances, place greater emphasis on non-food In March 2009, after completed takeover of the Somerfield, Morrison purchases 30 stores from the combined group with the commend of the competition commission. This marks the move away from the post-Safeway strategy of concentrating on superstores, to adopt the work in a smaller space of a new smaller store as its aims to have a store within 15 minutes every UK homes According to Thomas (2008) in some circumstances, acquiring management seriously underestimate the complexities involved in merges and post-acquisition integration (Robino and Demeuse 1985) The history of Wm Morrison First of all let me give the history back ground of Wm Morrison. Morrison was founded in 1899 by William Morrison, an egg and butter merchant. In 1958, the company opened its first counter service store in a small town of Bradford, UK. Morrison opened its first supermarket in Victoria, in 1961 and stated trading on London stock exchanges in 1967. The lack of opportunities for the leading UK grocery retailers to increase market share through large-scale organic store development and has made merges and acquisition strategies particular important (Poole et al., 2002) Wm Morrison carryout the expansion programmes and in 1978, the company acquired Whelan Stores and began operating in Lancashire in UK, and opened the distribution centre Wakefield and expanded its operation to include chilled stores and an ambient storages area for produce In 2004 march Morrison takeover Safeway supermarket at  £3bn, this enables them to become the fourth largest retailers and more than double its store presence. In 2007 January, the company gave access to two new in-store recycling services in over 345 store spread across England, Scotland and Wales The media have highlighted the fact that Morrison and Safeway are an ideal geographical fit in that there are no areas of overlap. It was clear from the findings of the Competition Commission that these two companies would not imposed local monopoly and the customers interest would served. The debated concerning each of these bids by different companies, have not simply been financial. The distinctly geographical issues have been very much to the force. First the commentators have talked about geographical fit, not a subject always prominent where, merges and acquisition are debated (Bikini et al 2002). The ASDA and Morrison bids look more promising in term of geographical fit although Sainsburys fit in northern England and Scotland is also good, but the objective was to creates more level-playing field and although of course this bid may not be acceptable to the shareholders of Safeway, especially taking account of the ASDA /Wal-Mart financial packages said to be on offer Safeway stores and therefore present fewer problem of high local market share, and their acquisition of Safeway would leap-frog them above Sainsbury and leave three major players well ahead of the chasing pack (Poole, Clerk and Clerk 2002) 4.1 Empirical reviews In the real world the takeover and merges have several motives behind (Glen Arnold 2008.Buono and Bowditch 2003), among which the following could be associated with the Wm Morrisons takeover 4.1.1 Synergy= which mean the combine entity will have a valve greater than the sum of its part. This increases in valve comes about because of boost to revenue and the cost base when two firms AB are to be combined or gain may result fro synergistic benefit to provide a valve above that of the present valve of the two independent cash flow :- PVAB= pva+ pvb+ gain PVA=discounted cash flow of company A PVB=discounted cash flow of company B PV AB=discounted cash flow of the merged firm Therefore synergy is often expressed in the form 2+2=5 4.1.2 Market share/power==One of the most important forces driving merges is the attempt to increase market power {Alderson 2002}This is the ability to exercise some control over the prices of the products, and this can be achieve through either monopoly, oligopoly or dominant producers position. However, Wm Morrison, this is one of the objectives to gain the market share in the South where it was very difficult to break into and the shareholders valve would be maximised .Its the fourth largest company by sales and the second by market capitalisation, The strong market presence enhances the brand images of the company and provides economic of scale 4.1.3 Economic of scaleAnother important contributor to synergy is the ability to exploit the economic of scale. The larger size often leads to lower cost per unit of out put. In the case of wm Morrison, this is not the main motive of takeover 4.1.5 Financial Performance for six years 1feburary 2009 turnover  £14528m compare to two year after the takeover January 2006  £12115m. The profit and loss before tax in 2009 February  £655m compare to January 2006 of ( £312.9) The profit after tax in 2009 January  £460m compare to January 2006 ( £250.3) In 2005 immediately after the takeover, Wm Morrison give the profit warning and the share price drop drastically and the turnover was down to  £12116m compare to February2004 and the profit before tax in 2005 was  £193m to ( 312.9) loss in 2006. These are due to the pos-acquisition syndromes and the managements reaction to the takeover of Safeway .The accounting system were changes few weeks before the completion of the acquisition 4.1.6 The market share As of August 2008, according to TNS World panel, Morrison is the smallest of the Big Four supermarkets with a market share of 11.1%. Whilst Tesco, Asda and Sainsburys saw increases in market share from July 2008 of 31.6%, 17.0% and 15.9% respectively. Morrisons saw a smallest sized decrease of 0.2% in the same period There has been a significant amount of empirical research into merges and acquisition and the impact 4.2 The strength and weakness of Wm Morrison 4.2.1 Strength Strong market presence In examining the strength and the weakness of wm Morrison in its operation as the fourth largest supermarket in the UK ,this is to discover that competition in grocery industry in the southern market is intensified ,but Morrison is able to gain the market shares of strong presence in those areas. It serves over nine millions shoppers every week. Strong market presence enhances the brand images of the company Strong geographical presence Poole et al 2002 stated that Wm Morrison has strong geographical presence across the UK, both in superstores and petrol filling station .The company spread across Scotland with 50 stores ,Northern UK55 stores , 20 stores in Wales ,62 and 42 stores in midlands East and midland West respectively . Therefore, because of it geographical presence enhances the companys sale penetration opportunities and gives it a competitive advantages Extensive ranges of food and services The companys fresh food counters offer valve added services including personal advice, cleaning and preparation of fresh meat and fish according to customer s requirement {Troy 2003}Morrisons extensive list of specialized food products and services helps the supermarket chain to differentiate itself with competitors and thereby provides it with an exclusive bran identity Vertical integrated operations A study has been performed by Balto (2001) to examine the uniqueness of the services provided by the supermarket chain. Morrison is the only major food retailers to own and operate fresh food manufacturing and processing facilities. The companys operations are vertically integrated in its food category, which allows it to manufacture, distributed and retail the vast majority of its fresh meat and dairy requirement 4.2.2 Weakness Lack of presence in the online channel Online shopping has steadily grown in popularity in the UK. The amount of money spent online by consumers in the UK increased to  £14.7billion in 2007 Over the next five years online sales are expected to more than triple to £44.5billion by 2012 (Datamonitor-Uk Retail issues 2008:Time to re-evaluate propositions, BFVT0041,May 2008) With internet shopping rising at a rapid pace, supermarkets are establishing their online sales channel to increase revenues. Asda, Tesco and Sainsbury in the UK have establishing the presence in the internet online shopping, in order to capitalize on this rapidly growing trend towards convenience. However Morrison is yet to capitalize on this trend which limited the companys potential growth opportunities 4.2.3Opportunities Increasing demand for organic products Looking in the real world of the grocery industry, wm Morrison have the opportunities to increase the demand for the organic produces, where the Big Four supermarket chain are real competition , The increasing consumer awareness of health and environmental issue along an increasing resistance towards genetically modified (gm) food products and GM farming. Has led to rapid increase in the demand for organic food (Andrew 2004) Growth in private label market The private label market in the UK is witnessing a strong growth in sales. The UK private label sector is one of the most developed in the world. The valve of the sector is at  £45billon and forecast suggests that this will increase to  £ 52billion by 2011. Morrison has increase its private brand product portfolio over the years (DTI, 2008) 5. Research Methodology The way in which research in conducted is not the easy process of transforming the information into reality, but it need cautious planning exercise which follow the procedures and stages Before commencing the study, appropriate selection of the vital research methodology is essential to ensure that the proposal is in the correct steps. Research methodology is divided into two methods of qualitative and quantitative methods. In some circumstances the two methods are combining together as well depending the nature of the study i.e. multiple method (Litter, et al 2003), Tashakkori and Teddlie (2003) Industrial economist argue that market structure is intrinsically linked to firm behaviour and financial performances (Scherer and Ross, 1999; Martin ,1994) ,which look at the financial performances of the company wm Morrison and the market share above In this research proposal, the quantitative method will be use heavily because of the information provided and as the data resources are secondary data which considered the extraction of data manually from the statistical reports available on the website . Secondary data are used for research projects that were originally collected for some other purposes. It includes both raw data and published summaries. Most organisations collect and store a variety of data to support their operation. Secondary data could be divided into three parts=1. Documentary secondary data, 2.Multiple source of secondary data and third the survey based secondary data. The reasons for the uses of Quantitative method is that, its objective, systemic and orderly way of gathering and interprets the information for the use of the study Quantitative approach is predominantly used as a synonym for any data collection technique such as questionnaire and analysis procedures like graphs or statistic, that generate a numerical data Tashakkori and Teddlie (2003) In contrast, Qualitative is used predominantly as a synonym for any data collection technique such as an interview and analysis procedure like categorising data that generates or use non- numerical data Qualitative therefore can be refer to the data other than words. The qualitative data is very expensive to carryout and costly to undertake. It involve primary data analysis which are gathered from the the interviews, questionnaire, field survey carryout during the research study. The technique of both quantitative and qualitative methods, as maintain earlier, refer to some authors as multiple method (Tashakkori and Teddlie (2003) Also mixed method is the general term for when both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques and analysis procedures are used in research design. It was argue that multiple method are useful if they provide better opportunities for the users to answer the research question and where they allowed the user to better evaluate the extent to which your research finding can be trusted and make better references 5.1 Empirical question The centre issue is the effect of the big firm merges on competitive pricing, which we sum up in the following question: What are price effects for clients of Wm Morrison and Safeway following merges? Merges can improve consumer or customer welfare by creating efficiencies or decrease consumer welfare by creating conditions conducive to monopoly pricing (Sullivan, 2002:381-3284). Simunic (1980) argues that some segments of the market could be more competitive than others; this could have an impact on the effects of the merges. Also test whether the merges have enabled the brand name firms to pass on any cost saving associated with efficiencies to their clients in the form of reduction in competitive price. Therefore the research question is very important and cannot be overemphasised. It is one the key criteria of the research success will be whether you have a set clear conclusion drawn from the data you have collect the research question is one of key question that the research process will address. These are often the precursor of research objectives. 5, 2 Research Ethics When doing research proposal the ethic should be bear in mind. This is considering the integrity of work as well as to give utmost respect of people and the organisation. In any research undertaken the ethical behaviours should be put into consideration not to offended any one in any manner When using other peoples works and materials for any research, their permission should be obtained or information should be given to them. In some research where the individual permissions are require, ethics play a very important part ,However in this study the research ethics is not very much applicable because the information used are secondary data which is already available in the website and internet Your research design may need to consider the extent to which you should collect data from a research population that is unaware of the fact that they are the subject of research and so have not consented It may be quite a different matter if you are collecting data from individuals, rather than from an organisation. However, there may be a case if you are conducting your research while you are an employee in an organisation and you are collecting data on individual was not disclosed, then this would pose a similar ethical dilemma(Gibb,1995). Conclusion The competition in UK food retail sector has been intensified in the recent years, and the four big supermarkets are competing among themselves. In these aspects, this study has not concluded that there was little evidence of the retailers having adverse effects on the consumer; nor was there significant evidence of the price changes at the wholesale level not passing effectively to the consumer. Traditionally, as UK food retailers have become ever more concentrated and consolidated, increasing levels of power have enabled them to exercise substantial control over the supply chain. In this case study analysed the competition commissions report will do little to stop the trend of expansion, as a means of entry into different market. Recently, there is another merges and acquisition of Somerfield by Co-operative Group which was completed in March 2009. From the recent literature on retail competitiveness and observations made regarding current developments within the competitive environment, it is evident that buyer power will definitely concentrate in the hands of the major retail players .The fact that the retailer are expected to grow their market share by acquiring another companies for them to compete with the others Wm Morrison the fourth big supermarket has this opportunity to expand into the Southern England which was very difficult or not impossible without the takeover of Safeway. During the takeover process many speculators were predicting another foreign takeover and were subsequently surprised by Morrisons unexpected interest

Pestel Framework Essay

The political environment (Refer Section 1 in Appendix 01) does not favour Fonterra’s operating environment with heavy control over milk powder pricing. Political figureheads at times lead the public to perceive that multinational dairies are working towards destroying the local dairy industry. With the ending of a 26-year old war within the country there is stability in the political environment which in normal cases encourages foreign investment. However the government’s policies and tight regulations towards foreign investment and trade, creates an unfavourable environment for operating multinationals like Fonterra. Noted. In the economic front (Refer section 2 in Appendix01), with base commodity prices being reliant on global trends and heavy fluctuations on exchange rates, budgeting for the purchase of full cream and skim milk from New Zealand proves difficult with currency fluctuations most often surpassing budgeted variances. Subsidies by the government to selected local dairy companies also give unfavourable advantage to them over Fonterra. Socially, similar to world trends, the aging population in the country has opened up new opportunity for Fonterra to move in with its Anlene product, coincidentally at a time when mature markets like full cream milk come under heavy smear campaigns with global issues such as the melamine scare in China. Such incidents create negative perception on all powdered milk products that not only impact short term sales figures but also tarnish the brand loyalty Fonterra has established throughout the years (refer section 3 of Appendix01). When we analyse technological trends and their implications on Fonterra (Refer section 4 in Appendix01), many technological improvements ranging from foraging, nutrition, and flavouring to packaging, has influenced Fonterra to create its own biotechnology subsidiary called ViaLactia Biosciences, working on identifying, discovering and commercialising genes that affect pasture grasses, milk production and milk composition. One such discovery was the response to bone decay known as Osteoporosis that most ging populations of the world are facing. By combining bone strengthening nutrients like Calcium, Zinc, Protein and Magnesium, Fonterra was able to create the brand Anlene. Environmental influences on Fonterra’s strategy are discussed in detail in section 5 of Appendix01. Government sponsored environmental schemes both globally and locally such as deployment of Emission Trading Schemes (ETS) and application of Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS) increases Fonterra operational costs by having to monitor their greenhouse emissions. Fonterra has to include many green initiatives in to their strategy ranging from simple measures such as waste water treatment to more far-reaching methods like emission trading schemes to forestry provisioning. In addition the trend to move towards more renewable energy globally would drive the energy costs higher for Fonterra. On legislative front (Refer section 6 in Appendix01), Fonterra plans and operates under strict legislative framework governed by many authorities both globally and locally as content claims on dairy product are heavily scrutinised. Furthermore, products such as Anchor 1+ that cater to infant nutrition require additional measures due to their sensitive nature throughout their lifecycle from production to transportation. Any mishap on the part of a multinational such as Fonterra can lead to a product recall. Therefore additional operational costs have to be borne in maintaining hygiene in areas such as production, packaging, storage and transportation. Refer Appendix01 for a detailed analysis on current industry trends and implications to Fonterra. An extremely good analysis.

Apostle Peter Essay

Peter (also known as Simon) was one of the original 12 apostles. He became the leader of the apostles, after Jesus’ ascension. Peter was originally from Bethsaida on the northern shore of the sea of Galilee. Peter was married. He was a fisherman with his brother Andrew. His home was in Capernaum. When Jesus called him to be an apostle, he was given the added name Cephas (Aramaic: â€Å"stone,† Greek: â€Å"Petros,† which in English is rendered as Peter). Peter was a native of Bethsaida  Peter was one of the three main apostles, along with James and John, who were chosen by Jesus to be present during certain important moments of His ministry. Peter was the natural spokesman of the twelve disciples. One trait of Peter’s character that stands out in the New Testament account, is his impetuosity. The personality of Peter is one of the most vividly drawn and charming in the NT. His sheer humanness has made him one of the most beloved and winsome members of the apostolic band. He was eager, impulsive, energetic, self confident, aggressive, and daring, but also unstable, fickle, weak, and cowardly. He was guided more by his quick impulse than logical reasoning, and he readily swayed from one extreme to the other. He was preeminently a man of action. His life exhibits the capacities for good. He was forward and often rash, liable to instability and inconsistency, but his love for and associations with Christ molded him into a man of stability, humility, and courageous service for God. In the power of the Holy Spirit he became one of the noble pillars of the church. Peter was famous for many things: For being at Jesus’ transfiguration, for walking on water at Jesus’ bidding, for rebuking Jesus for what seemed to him negative thinking (prompting Jesus’ sharp reply â€Å"Get behind Me Satan†), for his statement to Jesus during the washing of feet during the Last Supper, for his denials of knowing Jesus when Peter was in the courtyard of the high priest, for drawing a sword when Jesus was being arrested, and for being granted the singular privilege of an individual post-resurrection appearance by Jesus (Luke 24:34, 1Cor 15:5). When Jesus asked him â€Å"Who do you say I am? † Peter made that famous statement, â€Å"You are the Christ (Messiah) the Son of the Living God. † (Matthew 16:15-16). Under the power of the Holy Spirit, Peter healed the sick and raised the dead. He made a trip to Antioch (Galatians 2:1), and possibly Corinth (1 Corinthians 1:12). It is believed that Peter later traveled to Rome, and was martyred there by crucifixion in 64 AD. He is said to have requested that he be crucified upside down, because he said he wasn’t worthy of dying in the same way as Jesus. Peter wrote two Epistles, called 1 Peter and 2 Peter. Whereas, the first letter was an attempt to encourage a church threatened with official persecution and repression, the second letter dealt with the perils of Apostasy which was an even greater threat. Knowing that he would not be spared to keep control of the situation, Peter was writing to forestall this calamity and to warn the church of its danger. A key verse within this larger context is chapter two, verse one: But there arose false prophets also among the people, as among you also there shall be false teachers, who shall secretly bring in destructive heresies, denying even the Master who bought them, bringing upon themselves swift destruction. An influx of conscienceless agitators who repudiated the lordship of Christ(2:1) and whose attitude was haughty (2:10), licentious (2:13), adulterous (2:14), greedy (2:14), bombastic (2:18), and libertine (2:19) seemed imminent. A looming heresy involved a denial of Christ (2:1) and ridiculed the promise of his return (3:3-4). Certain teachers were consumed with fleshly lusts and despised divine authority. They were rebels—sneaky, reckless, and bold in their opposition to truth. They lived more on the animal level than as godly human beings (2:1, 10-12). These peddlers of error delighted in seducing and taking captive ignorant souls, all the while promising them freedom to live independently of the will of God (2:14, 18-19). They were church outlaws! They will purposely try not to be noticed and bring division in the church by distorting and departing from the word. They will lay down truth alongside the falsehood and secretly bring in destructive heresies. They will deny the Lord who died for them by presenting a different view of the gospel. The focus is not on the cross for salvation. The principal design of this letter was to â€Å"stir† Christian minds to a greater level of spirituality and to fortify them against the danger of certain false teachers who threatened their faith. The key to this letter is the word know of knowledge), which occurs frequently in the three chapters, often referring to knowledge of Christ. This knowledge is not primarily academic, but spiritual, arising from a growing experience of Christ (2Peter 3:18). It produces peace and grace (1:2) and fruitfulness (1:8), is the secret of freedom from defilement (2:20), and is the sphere of Christian growth (3:18). It may be that the false teachers were Gnostics who stressed knowledge as the means to salvation, and that Peter sought to counteract their falsehoods by a positive presentation of true knowledge. Near the conclusion of chapter two, Peter described the false teachers as previously having: (a) escaped â€Å"the defilements of the world through the knowledge of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ†; (b) known â€Å"the way of righteousness; and, turned from the holy commandment delivered unto them (vv. 20-21). The inspired apostle concludes his statement by emphasizing the danger inherent in the doctrine these heretics taught—a threat both to their converts and to themselves.

Critique of Discobolos (The Disc Thrower)

Critique of Discobolos (The Disc Thrower) Free Online Research Papers The piece of art I have selected to critique is Discobolus, aka The Disc Thrower currently on display in Rome, Italy. This majestic Classical period piece of art is the perfect portrayal of a finely tuned athlete at the peak of immense concentration prior to his release of a discus into space. The symbolism of Discobolus includes perfection, concentration, and athleticism. It is an explosion of kinetic energy displayed throughout every muscle fiber of the human body. It was sculpted by the infamous Athenian sculptor Myron during the 5th Century around 450 B.C. Myron is noted for making statues of Gods and other Greek hero’s, he is most famous for his sculptures of athlete’s. His sculpting of athletes was more diligent, introducing greater boldness and rhythm, focusing on the sculpture as a whole not separated by parts. Myron’s sculptures were said to be more harmonious in proportions and more realistic than any other sculptor of his time. Myron is often credited with being the first sculptor to master this style and it was his attention to care to the finer points of the Art that truly set him a part from his peers and predecessors. Originally cast in bronze, Discobolus is one of the most famous classic Greek statues’ from this period. Discobolus is engaging in the discus throw boasting vigorous and convincing movements in a perfect made form. His flexing muscles and concentrated expression create the impression of a tightly stretched bow. The symmetria is perfect. Myron has created the enduring pattern of athletic energy. He has taken a moment of action so specific that current students of athletics still debate if it Discobolus movements are even feasible today. The moment Myron has captured in the statue is an example of perfect harmony and balance. Discus-Throwing was one of the first sports mastered by a pentathlon. Pentathletes were often considered inferior to athletes of other sports. Since no single muscle group is over developed in a Discus-thrower there physic was more admired vice their physical ability as an athlete. Discobolus is displayed completely nude as were many sculpture’s of Greek athletes of this time period. His pose is said to be unnatural to man, and in today’s time period considered to be a rather inefficient way to throw the discus. Critiques believe that pentathletes of the 15th century utilized a three-quarter turn throwing technique, rather that the two and a quarter turn used by today’s athletes. That makes comparison of techniques rater void. There is very little emotion shown in the discus throwers face. To many critiques it may seem that Myrons desire for perfection has made him focus too rigorously on the sense of strain in the individual muscles, and not the complete action of the athlete. Discobolus is a sculpture in the round that was molded upon perfection that has been copied numerous times. As early as 1781, Discobolus Palombara is the first known replica. Once owned by Adolf Hitler, it is now displayed in the National Museum of Rome. There are many other copies of Discobolus that are on display throughout the world. Few are in its original bronze state many are made of marble and plaster. Even in currency Discobolus was portrayed on the Greek 1000 Greek drachma banknote of 1987-2001, further establishing itself as one of the greatest pieces of art ever created. I consider this work by Myron a piece of art that will live on for generations. The inspiration it provides and precise mechanics it follows stuns critiques and athletes a like. Discobolus form and precise function even though developed over 15 centuries ago is still emulated and admired by sculptors and artists today. Research Papers on Critique of Discobolos (The Disc Thrower)Where Wild and West MeetTrailblazing by Eric AndersonComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Bionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeOpen Architechture a white paper

A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner

A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner Free Online Research Papers William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† provides clues that the reader can choose to acknowledge or ignore, but nowhere in the story does Faulkner clearly explain why Emily Grierson murdered Homer Barron. Faulkner has discussed the story, and did reveal that it was about how inhumanity toward people can lead to murder. This suggests that the inhumanity that Emily suffered, both at the hands of her father and at those of society, which is rarely kind to women that never marry, may have led to psychological scars that eventually prompted her to murder Homer. Faulkner’s insight into the story is a generalized one, that does not explicitly provide a motive for the murder, only a sense of the pain that might have affected Emily profoundly enough to make her agreeable to the idea of murder. This paper will explore the reasons and motives that led Emily to murder Homer, illustrating the factors that played a part in her actions. One of the most compelling reasons that Emily murdered Homer is that she was from a time when men took care of women. This â€Å"care† included control, and sometimes even dictatorship, as in the case of her father, who sent all of Emily’s suitors packing. Women were taught to be dependent upon men, and Emily was dependent upon her father, but dependence breeds hostility because it becomes a type of bondage. Her father was particularly controlling, and none of his control belied any cognizance of Emily’s needs or what might make her happy. Thus, Emily was in a Catch-22 situation where she needed man but could not have them. Even the man she dated when she lived on her own left her. By murdering Homer, she turned the tables on that particular form of bondage and found a way to â€Å"keep† a man. Homer stayed with her- albeit dead; until she died. Another reason for the murder is that Emily was insane. When her father died, she refused to admit that he was dead for several days. Upon Homer’s death, she kept his body in the bed with his clothes nearby just as he had taken them off and probably slept next to him every night until her death. Menakhem Perry (64) states, â€Å"†¦here is, primarily, a woman who committed a pathological murder†¦perhaps even†¦necrophilia.† He also points out that Emily refused to recognize the death of Colonel Sartoris, contending that Emily’s â€Å"contact with reality [was] deficient† and that for her, â€Å"the borderline between reality and fantasy [was] blurred† (Perry 64). It is even possible that Emily was not consciously aware that Homer was dead, as she may have continued to see him as living; this could explain why she slept with him every night even though the flesh has long been gone from his bones, and he could not have looked like a l iving man. Another explanation for the murder is revenge, either against her father or against Homer. Out of the two men in her life, Emily’s father was the one that mistreated her the most. She felt that she needed her father, though, so she could not murder him. Murdering Homer was a way of stopping Homer from becoming to her what her father was and of taking revenge indirectly on her father. On the other hand, it is clear that Homer would have left her had he not been murdered, so Emily may have murdered him in anger that he too was deserting her. Robert Crosman (208) points out that Emily is actually in control in the story. When she goes to the pharmacist to get the arsenic, for example, the druggist tries to find out what she wants it for, but she does not answer yet, he gives it to her anyway (Crosman 208). Likewise, when the aldermen write and call to collect her taxes, she refuses to acknowledge that she owes them and at the end they are never paid. From this perspective, Emily’s reason for killing Homer might have been merely to control a situation that had he lived would have been under his control. Helen Nebeker (8) compares Emily to the â€Å"indomitable but dying Old South in all its decadence, pride, [and] refusal to admit the changing order.† She symbolizes the South’s ability to stand firm while the winds of change circulate all around her, and although she evokes pity, she remains standing in triumph until the very end, when her own death hands a victory to the New South waiting in the wings (Nebeker 9). Nebeker (11) states that â€Å"Emily’s South, though dead and buried and forgiven, has left its horror imprinted forever on the structure and in the persons of the present.† As a symbol of the Old South, Emily’s murder of Homer represents the South’s resistance to change, even though that resistance means clinging to something that is already old, dead, and stinking. From this perspective, Emily’s motivation for murdering Homer is to keep the status quo alive. Cleanth Brooks (13) argues that â€Å"there is an element of the heroic† about Emily’s murder of Homer, as well, even though the crime is also â€Å"monstrous.† Brooks notes that Emily never â€Å"strive[s] to keep up with the Joneses† but remains the one that everyone else keeps up with (Brooks 13). Certainly, as she maintains control, it is also clear that Emily does not grovel to anyone. She does what she pleases and refuses to do what she does not want to do, in a splendid reversal of the bondage she grew up in under her father. Finally, Emily believes that love can and will end if not frozen in time by death, a gruesome but understandable idea considering that she had never yet experienced a love that did not end. However, a love that is frozen in death is not the love that most women want; they want companionship, tenderness, and a listening ear- not the mere presence of a body that can afford none of these things. Why precisely did Emily kill Homer? Faulkner leaves it to the reader to decide, but elements of all of these reasons and motivations would likely have played a part in her actions had Emily been a real woman instead of a character. Real people are complex, and there is often not a sole clear-cut reason for their actions but rather a dynamic push and pull among many reasons that causes each of them to have an influence on the final decision. In the last analysis, whatever reasons Emily had for killing Homer, no one can argue that she did it quite deliberately and with planning, so she made a choice that could never be reversed and then lived with that choice for the rest of her life. Brooks, Cleanth. William Faulkner: First Encounters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985. Web. 20 Feb, 2010 Crosman, Robert. â€Å"How Readers Make Meaning.† College Literature, 9.3, The Newest Criticisms (Fall 1982), 207-215. JSTOR. Web. 26 Feb, 2010 Nebeker, Helen. â€Å"Emily’s Rose of Love: Thematic Implications of Point of View in Faulkner’s ‘A Rose for Emily.’† The Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association, 24.1, (Mar 1970), 3-13. JSTOR. Web. 26 Feb, 2010. Perry, Menakhem. â€Å"Literary Dynamics: How the Order of a Text Creates its Meanings [With an Analysis of Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily†]. Poetics Today, 1.1/2, Special Issue: Literature, Interpretation, Communication, (Autumn 1979), 35-361. JSTOR. Web. 1 Mar, 2010 Research Papers on "A Rose for Emily" by William FaulknerThe Fifth HorsemanCapital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XMind TravelArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Personal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

What is Pesticide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Pesticide - Assignment Example There are natural pesticides such as neem tree or citronella plant to ward off other insects. Scarecrows commonly used to ward off crows from eating the corn. Today, the market has many types of chemical pesticides suited to just any type of pest. In 2009, paldoxins, a new class of fungicides were developed and endorsed to the public sinve they were considered more earth-friendly and non-toxic ( Eurekaalert, 2009).Pesticides have three major benefits to mankind, namely,1) to prevent or control organism that cause harm 2) providing economic benefits to farmers due to reduced damage of crops due to diseases 3) prevent sickness in human beings such as DDT for malaria .Nevertheless, there is another side to this argument as pesticides can also have negative effects on human population.The following are pathological disorders caused by certain pesticides: 2.Attention-deficit disorder - Recently, it was reported that there is a possible link between pesticides used in food to incidence of ADHD in children ( Sott.net, 2010). The report is based on analysis of U.S. Health data where childrens urine were examined to establish the difference between eating organically grown produce and produce with fertilizers. From the given information, it can be said that pesticides creates a great risk for human beings. Although there are benefits that can be derived from using pesticide, still, the effect is even more disastrous. It is therefore a challenge for government agencies to come up with pesticides that would not be harmful to human beings as well as the environment. Ascherio A, Chen H, Weisskopf MG, OReilly E, McCullough ML, Calle EE, Schwarzschild MA, Thun MJ (2006). "Pesticide exposure and risk for Parkinsons disease". Annals of Neurology 60 (2): 197–203. doi:10.1002/ana.20904. PMID 16802290 Beseler CL, Stallones L, Hoppin JA, et al. (December 2008). "Depression and pesticide exposures among private pesticide applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study".

A Surgeon's Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Surgeon's Life - Essay Example A case example of this case was recognized and recorded by Aretaeus of Cappadocia over two thousand years back. Historically, Georges Gilles de la Tourette, a French neurologist was the first person to clinically delineate the syndrome. This syndrome affects the nervous system and the brain and when it does, it alters a person’s reception of activities such as movements and vocalizations. This syndrome has been commonly identified among persons who are aged between 2 to 21 years old. Basically, this disease can be described as one which makes a person do that which is against their will. Those who have been diagnosed of this syndrome are usually accustomed to frequent tics that may be abrupt and purposeless or even the occurrence of vocal sounds that are involuntary but, sudden, recurrent and rapid in parts of the body such as face, head and arms. Subsequently, persons who have this syndrome may exhibit variable expressivity in the expression of the gene as they may be obsessively compulsive or have chronic tic disorders. According to Sacks (2012), the syndrome may be evidenced in anyone regardless of their status. Carl Bennett, as described by Sacks, is a surgeon who he meets in the conference in Boston on Tourette’s syndrome. The syndrome affects Bennett in various dynamics in that, in the conference, he jumped, jerked, and suddenly lunged for the ground. Consequently, he is affected by bizarre tics but, as a result, has learnt to maintain dignity and calm during the moments (Sacks, 2012). Consequently, Dr. Carl Bennett is impacted by this syndrome in the sense that he learns to develop a sense of keenness and attention to detail in every aspect, as witnessed in the encounter in the car when Sacks is driven by Dr. Bennett and shown the surrounding. Additionally, Dr. Bennett is impacted by the syndrome in the sense that he develops a keen and fierce attention to detail, which results from his constant looking below the surface. These are as a result of

Business Process Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Process Change - Assignment Example They have the original concept of a product. The inputs are the resources needed for successful production. Inputs include information or materials used by the process to produce the desired goods. The inputs are subjected to a process of value addition. The outcome or the completed product is the output delivered to the consumers. The product or output is the result of a combination of inputs and the process. Consumers initiate the process by ordering products. They are responsible for stimulating demand for the product. The situation implies that consumers are the most important part of the process. Customers buy the final products and thus finance the whole process. In essence, the business cannot exist without customers. It is thus important to maintain healthy relationships. In conclusion, a business process outlines the basic steps that are taken from the time a customer makes an order to the time the order is supplied. As noted, the process has five basic entities that include suppliers, inputs, process, output and customers (Harmon, 2007). The customers usually initiate the process through demand; hence, the business must strive to ensure that the customers.

Why I Study Biology Essay Example for Free

Why I Study Biology Essay Biology is fascinating in itself. It teaches us all the ways of life not just from a mankind perspective but through all living things, whether, human species, plants etc. I personally study biology because I want to discover the creation and functions of all living things in the world. Being a Psychology major means studying the mind and in order to better understand the human mind, you have to know the basics in the ways of life and how to incorporate the science of human nature into why people react to life differently, culture, religion, politics, etc. All of these factors are taken into consideration into Biology. This semester was extremely challenging for me, and there were a lot of factors that contributed to my inability to study as hard as I know I am cable of. Had my first child this year, was abandoned by my son’s father to raise my son by myself. To make matters worse, I had some medical complications with my health. I was diagnosed with a Pulmonary Embolism. This news was devastating to me. I was hospitalize for a long time and was so depressed. With all of my problems at hand I had to go to work and work 40 hours a week just so I could support me and my son. With all of these devastating experiences in my life, studying seemed impossible to accomplish the way I wanted to. I was constantly in and out of the hospital, worried about my health and trying to get well. Today I am still recovering and believing that God will bring me peace and happiness in me and my son’s life. Some things I could have done better in studying would be that I could have taken my studies to work with me and studied on my lunch. I never did this because I only had an hour to get lunch and eat and I always thought that if I did this I would end of being late coming back from lunch. Another thing I believe would have helped me study better this semester is a strong support team. I did not have many people to help me like I needed. If I had someone to assist me while I studied I could have been a lot more successful. Instead I had to study and care for my son and that was difficult. Finally, when I think about my future in continuing with my courses, I know that I have to study even when I am tired. One bad habit that I had was when my son was sound asleep; I would try to get a few hours asleep as well so that I could be rested for work the next day. One thing I could have done to help me be more successful is to push myself just a little harder, and I ultimately believe I did not push myself to the max because I was so concerned about my health and stress was a trigger for me to feel sickly and I was so overwhelmed with everything going on in my life. What I hope to accomplish in the future is to be successful in my studies and to obtain my BA in Psychology and get my master’s as well. I have learned one thing through everything that I have been through. I reasoned with life from this analogy, life is like a game of baseball, anything that life pitches at you, it is you that have to ready to swing at any time. Whether it’s a fast ball, trick ball or curve ball, you have to prepare yourself for victory. If your just focus getting a home run, whether you struggle getting there or not, what matters is that you give your best to win.

Legality vs. Human Bonding in A Jury of Her Peers Essay -- A Jury of H

In "A Jury of Her Peers" Susan Glaspell shows how human bonding can override legalities that society has. This is shown by Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters bonding with Minnie by understanding her daily life as they are in her home. The two women feel a connection with Minnie because their lives are very similar to that of hers. By the two women understanding and having a connection with Minnie they notice the small trifles that leads to them finding evidence and motive for Minnie murdering her husband. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters were only in Minnie's home for a short period of time yet this revealed to them that Minnie was much like them. As Mrs. Hale was leaving her house to go with the others to Minnie's house she noticed something in her kitchen. "It was no ordinary thing that called her away -- it was probably further from ordinary than anything that had ever happened in Dickson county. But what her eye took in was that her kitchen was in no shape for leaving: her bread ready for mixing, half the flour sifted and half unsifted." (paragraph 1). Later while at Minnie's house, Mrs. Hale noticed something very similar: "She looked around the kitchen. Certainly it was not slicked up. Her eye was held by a bucket of sugar on a low shelf. The cover was off the wooden bucket, and beside it was a paper bag --- half full. Mrs. Hale moved toward it. She was putting this in there, she said to herself -- slowly." (paragraph 108). Mrs. Hale and Minnie ar...

Asteroids vs. Comets

Asteroids vs. Comets Spacecrafts have retrieved extraordinarily valuable information that has furthered the human race’s knowledge of what exists in outer space. However, spacecrafts and shuttles are extremely expensive to build and launch into space so they should be well taken care of. Sending a spacecraft to an asteroid is far better and safer than sending a spacecraft to a comet for quite a few different reasons. First, an asteroid is made up of less materials than a comet. Next, comets produce two tails when approaching the Sun.Lastly, an asteroid’s orbit is much more predictable than a comet’s orbit. With these characteristics, asteroids make a better object for spacecrafts to land on rather than comets. A typical asteroid is made up of rock, metal, and iron. The iron causes asteroids to be rock solid with some loose piles of rubble. Comets consist of many different materials such as ice and dust. With less exposed materials, sending a spacecraft to an aste roid instead of a comet reduces unexpected obstacles with the comet’s atmospheric conditions.Having an atmosphere with high levels of water and dust can also make the spacecraft’s maneuvering difficult. An asteroid would be much more suitable for spacecraft maneuvering due to it’s rocky and dry shell. Comets produce two tails when they get closer to the Sun while asteroids produce no tails. These two tails consist of one white tail made of dust and another blue tail containing ionized gas. The Sun’s light creates radiation pressure and when mixed with solar wind, they push the dust and gas outward and away from the Sun thus creating the two tails.Exposing a spacecraft to these conditions can be very detrimental to the exterior and technology of the spacecraft. Which would be very counterproductive and could potentially destroy any evidence recorded. Asteroids, however, are basically big piles of rubble with craters. Spacecrafts would have a much easier ti me landing on an asteroid as opposed to a comet. Asteroids come from the inner solar system and have a very predictable orbit. All asteroids orbit between Mars and Jupiter in the â€Å"asteroid belt† around the Sun.Some comets may have a predictable orbit, however, there are many ways a comet may be knocked off course. Comets come from the outer solar system where other objects or even passing stars can cause the comet to have a different orbit. Having a more predictable orbit would make a spacecraft mission much easier to map and plan out. It costs around $300 million to send a spacecraft on a mission to space on an interplanetary mission. In this case, asteroids are much better for a spacecraft to take a mission to.Asteroids are made up of less materials that contribute to a dangerous climate which is much more suitable for a spacecraft to maneuver around on. Second, comets produce two tails containing dust and ionized gas which would make it difficult to land a spacecraft on. Last, asteroids have a very predictable orbit while comets can be harder to track and plan a mission to. Asteroids clearly have better qualities for a spacecraft to be sent to.

The Impact of the Activities of Quacks on the Practice of Real Estate

THE IMPACT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF QUACKS ON THE PRACTICE OF REAL ESTATE PROFESSION IN NIGERIA. BY OREAGBA . K. OMOTOKE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (HONS) IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF ESTATE MANAGEMENT JANUARY, 2011. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Background to the Study The notion of professionalism is based upon a practitioner in whatever vocational field to serve not only his client but also the society at large.This implies the need to maintain a high degree of ethical responsibility and conduct, because integrity must be the watch word for any profession. Thus the attainment of professional status involves a discipline of study, a compilation of knowledge and a basis of trust coupled with practical experience. However, the more diversified the field of practice, the less likely it becomes for high professional codes and standards to be maintained and therefore estate agency in particular can present problems.Agency can be referred to as the business of representing or providing a particular service for people or organizations while an agent is a person who acts on behalf of another with respect to a particular transaction, also an agent as somebody who officially represents somebody else in business or somebody who provides a particular service for another. On the other hand, Real Estate,  in  broad  definition, refers to land and everything fixed permanently a part thereof, and the nature and extent of one's interest therein. In law, the word real, as it relates to property, means land as distinguished from ersonal property; and estate is defined as the interest one has in property. Valuers, Appraisers and Estate Agents Act 1981 defined estate agency practice as acting or holding oneself out to the public as ready to act, for a commission, fee, reward or other consideration, as an agent in respect of the sale or other disposal of land and buildings and of any interest therein or the purcha se or other acquisition of land and buildings and of any interest therein or in respect of the leasing or letting of land and buildings and of any interest therein.Ibiyode(2009) in an interview with the Saturday Tribune refers to an untrained and unregistered member of the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV) practising estate agency as a quack. Over the years, real estate agency practice has witnessed the influx of both professionals and non-professionals alike. Registered Estate Surveyors and Valuers, lawyers that serve as solicitors, property consultants, mortgage institutions, land vendors and uneducated intermediaries are found in estate agency business (Opalana, 2009).Akomolede (2006) makes the point that it is only idle and unsuccessful lawyers who leave their own profession to dabble into estate agency. He further explained that butchers, mechanics, drivers, accountants, lawyers, teachers, students, security guards, even idle housewives and just about anybody can dabble into the practice for the purpose of earning a commission.Statistics derived by Akpoyibo ( 2009) shows that in the past 5 to 8 years, fraudsters, operating under the cover of estate developers, estate agents, property consultants and management, among other business names, have taken over the city of Lagos, duping and bringing misery and confusion into the lives of their victims. Some of their methods are quite sophisticated, they would place advertisements in the print and electronic media, use bill boards and even print hand bills to announce vacancies for flats, self-contained apartments to let or even land and houses for sale (Akpoyibo, 2009).This situation has seriously affected the image of practicing Estate Surveyors whereby owners of properties have handed over sales and lettings of their different properties to agents who in most cases are not reliable and do not have legal rights to carry out such activities and who cannot follow up the monitoring and p roper maintenance of their client’s properties.In such cases the owner of the properties is at risk of bad tenant and poor maintenance which results in loss of client’s money. In the course of reading all this, the researcher was prompted to find out in what way has the activities of quacks affected Real Estate Profession with special focus on real estate agency and property dealings in Lagos Island and its environs due to its high volume of letting and sales transactions. 1. 2. Statement of Research ProblemAccording to Akomolede (2006), the biggest problem facing the estate agency business in Nigeria today is the absence of regulation, there is no enabling law under which estate agents are registered and controlled; the danger is that the profession in its present state allows for the intrusion of all kinds of quacks. Another main problem with the current system is that there is no requirement to belong to a regulatory body in order to set up and practice as an agent. Estate agents may choose to become members of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors or the National Association of Estate Agents, and it's a good idea to check for their membership of these bodies when choosing one to work on your behalf. Crime Watch investigations published in the PM News (17th September, 2009) revealed that most of the properties advertised for rent or lease do not exist, and where they exist, people are joining hundreds of other victims to line the greedy pockets of these criminals.It was also revealed that between last year and today, over 1,000 house seekers in Lagos State have been duped by these con men, while several millions of naira has been lost. Some families have lost their entire life savings and some have faced destitution through the activities of these rogues. This study’s greatest concern is the fact that more and more house seekers are falling into the hands of these quacks and several millions of naira is fraudulently collected on a daily basis from Lagosians. The major questions this study intends to answer therefore include: i.What laws have been in place to control the activities of quacks in Nigeria? ii. What are the effects of quacks on Real Estate Practice ? iii. What can be done to minimize their activities? 1. 3. Aim and Objectives of Study The aim of this research is to study the impact of the activities of quacks on the practice of real estate profession in Nigeria, with particular reference to Lagos Island property market. In achieving the aim of this study, the specific objectives are to: i. Examine the laws relating to the practice of estate agency in Nigeria. ii.Asertain peculiar effects of quacks on practice of estate agency in the study area. iii. Identify ways to minimize the activities of quacks to enhance Real estate practice. 1. 4. Significance of the Study Several writers have partly examined the impacts and effects of quacks on estate agency practice. In relation to their individual studi es, this study will examine all aspect of quackery related activity by identifying who these quacks are, also by examining the laws that regulates the practice of estate agency as well as suggesting possible solutions to this menace.This project will serve as an incentive especially to students currently studying estate management and for those whose specialty would be estate agency because it will assist in properly orienting them as propective estate surveyors, and also to the public letting them know who they can relate with and how to identify Estate Surveyors and Valuers. This study is also important because it would reveal the activities of quacks/non-professionals in estate agency, thus enabling the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers to be in a good position to fashion out new codes of conduct for its members and find ways of dealing with quacks.This research is to enable the readers understand why and how these quacks operate under the covering of estate de velopers, estate agents, property consultants and management, this is because it has been noticed by Crime Watch investigations that these quacks have taken over the city of Lagos, duping and bringing misery and confusion into the lives of their victims. A detailed study that would undergo the complete research requirements would no doubt minimize, if not eradicate the activities of quacks in estate agency practice.This is what this study intends to achieve in addition to promoting patriotism of agency surveyors in the property market. This research will go a long way in abolishing the activities of quacks and also letting the public know who specifically they can relate with and how to identify them, also prevent the public from entering into wrong hands. 1. 5. Scope of the Study No matter how ambitious a researcher could be, no single study can be all encompassing. Hence, study limits have to be defined clearly. In this view his study focuses on the the impact of the activities of quacks on the practice of Real Estate Profession in Nigeria. Estate agency is choosen amongst other aspects of real estate profession, because the other aspects of the profession needs licensing before one can practise, basically an eatate agent do not need professional qualifications to practice. Also the activities of the quacks affect more people at the lower rung of social and economic ladder. However, time constraint does not allow for the coverage of the entire country.For this reason, the scope of this research is restricted to Lagos Island, because it is known to be a commercial area and it plays host to the main government buildings, shops and offices. Lagos Island contains a central business district and this district is characterized by high-rise buildings where all sort of activities take place, most commercial and financial businesses are transacted and also where different professionals are based, and also because it is vast and has a lot of estate firms within the ar ea. 1. 6. Study Area Lagos Island contains a central business district.This district is characterized by high-rise buildings. The island also contains many of the city's largest wholesale market places (such as the popular Idumota and Balogun markets). It also has the National Museum of Nigeria, a Central mosque, Glover Memorial Hall, Christ's Cathedral (CMS), and the Oba palace. Though formerly in derelict condition, the Tinubu Square on the island is a site of historical importance; it was here that the amalgamation ceremony that unified the Northern and Southern protectorates to form Nigeria took place in 1914.Lagos Island is the principal and central local government area of the Metropolitan Lagos in Nigeria. It is part of the Lagos Division. According to 2006 Nigerian census, the Local Government Area (LGA) had a population of 209,437 in an area of 8. 7 km?. The Local Government Area (LGA) only covers the western half of Lagos Island; the eastern half is under the jurisdiction of Eti-Osa Local Government Area (LGA). The Island has continued to rapidly develop and is a favourite spot for Nigerians and foreigners to live and play.However the influx of banks and other commercial ventures has changed the formerly serene atmosphere of the Island. Today, Lagos Island is one of Nigeria's busiest centres of banking and commerce, with most Nigerian and international corporations headquartered on the Island. Study Area Fig. 1 Map of the Local Government Areas of Lagos with study area highlighted. Source : wikimedia (2006). Map showing the 16 LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos. Note that Metropolitan Lagos is a statistical area and not an administrative entity unlike Lagos State. 1. 7. Limitations of the study.The research is designed such that it identifies the impact of the activities of quacks on the practice of real estate profession and also proffer solutions so identified. However, the limitation of the research is borne on the fact that covering the entire sta te was not possible, thus, an area was selected for the purpose of this research. Other limitations include financial constraints, time constraints, transportation problems, limited exeat from the school premises and the target populace in giving information as regards the subject matter. 1. 8. Definition of termsIn a study of this nature, it is considered necessary and desirable to define key terms with a view to clarifying both operational and constructive definitions to avoid ambiguity. Constructive definition involves substituting the concept or construct of the term we are defining with other concepts or constructs, the operational definition requires that the concept or construct be assigned a type of meaning which the researcher wants to carry throughout the study. Agent: An â€Å"agent†, broadly defined, is a person who affects the legal relations of another person, called the â€Å"principal†.The agent can affect the legal relations of the principal in several ways but does so primarily through entering into contractual relationships on behalf of the principal. If, for example, A (as agent) enters into a contract with X on behalf of P (the principal), A having disclosed to X that she is acting on behalf of P, the contract will be a contract between X and P (and not a contract between X and A). The principal can also be vicariously liable for the torts committed by the principal’s agent.Estate agent: is a person that represents some other person in property or land dealings. He could provide land and property related services which moslty include the sales, letting or management of land and buildings. An agent that specialises in Letting/Sales transaction is called an agency surveyor. Principal: is one who authorises and controls the actions of the estate agent. In commercial law, a principal is a person legal or natural–who authorizes an agent to act to create one or more legal relationships with a third party.Disclosed pri ncipal is a class of principal, where at the time of the transaction made by the Agent with the Third Party, the latter knows that the person he is dealing with is acting as an Agent and also knows the Principal’s identity. Partially disclosed principal is a class of principal where, at the time of the transaction, the Third Party knows that the person he is dealing with is acting as an Agent acting but does not know the Principal’s identity and undisclosed principal, the person acting as an Agent represents is acting on their own behalf and does not disclose the existence of the agency relationship.This is usually because the Principal is wealthy and believes that money can be saved on the proposed deal if their involvement is hidden. Quack: is someone who pretends to have a professional knowledge (which he does not possess), he is also a person who generally claims to have knowledge in real estate while he does not. He has not undergone any professional training and naturally will not work in the capacity of a manager Property: is any physical or intangible entity that is owned by a person or jointly by a group of persons.Important widely recognized types of property include real property (land), personal property (physical possessions belonging to a person), private property (property owned by legal persons or business entities), public property (state owned or publicly owned and available possessions) and intellectual property (exclusive rights over artistic creations, inventions, etc), although the latter is not always as widely recognized or enforce. 1. 9.Chapter Summary In chapter one, a vivid introduction of the research work was given by exploring the background to the study, statement of research problem including research questions, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, study area, limitations of the study and the definition of terms. The next Chapter is a review of relevant literature on the subject o f study. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 IntroductionDescribing quackery as one of the greatest challenges confronting estate surveyors in the state, Nemieboka (2010) revealed that quacks infiltrate the estate profession through the practice of estate agency which is one of the major aspect of the profession whereby the professional represents either the buyer or seller in law and valuation and guide his client on how best to go about the business in the property market. Apparently, the business of estate agency has become an all-comers affair, opening a floodgate of quacks.These quacks are allowed such liberty because the house owners are not adversely affected by their activities since they believe that in the long run, they get whatever accrues to them as rent, rather effortlessly, leaving tenants to bear the financial brunt (Amaku and Ogunleye, 2010). Therefore the literature reviewed includes, the creation of estate agency, the types of estate agency,the duties and terminati on of estate agency, the different laws governing estate agency, code of conduct for estate agents, the activities of quacks, factors responsible for the emergence of quacks and also the steps to becoming an estate surveyor. . 2. Estate Agency Relationship Fillmore, Wellington ;Robert (2003) in their works identified that principal-agent relationship evolved from master-servant relationship under English common law. In that relationship, the servant owed abosolute loyalty to the master. This loyalty replaced the servant’s personal intrests as well as any loyalty the servant might owe to others. In a mordern day agency relationship, the agent owes the principal similar loyalty.The agent is regarded as expert on whom the principal can rely for specialised professional advice. Estate agency can be described as a relationship resulting from an agreement authorising an agent to represent, act for and be subject to control of a principal in dealing with a third party. They went fur ther to explain that estate agency involves the buying, selling, letting and leasing of intrests in land and property on behalf of others which applies to all types of real estate namely: residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural.ACCA F4 Corporate and Business Law (2010) contributed to agency relationship, and defines an agent as a person (or company) that acts on behalf of a principal. This means that in the estate agency relationship, the agent is acting on behalf of another rather than in their own right. Third parties Agent Principal Source: ACCA F4 Corporate and Business Law (2010). Since the agent is not acting on his/ her own behalf, any contracts that the agent negotiates on behalf of the agent have this effect: Third parties Principal Source: ACCA F4 Corporate and Business Law (2010)This means that all the rights and obligations of any contract negotiated by the agent are rights and obligations of the principal and the third parties. Principal and agent relationship in law is a voluntary legal relationship between two parties whereby one, the agent, is authorized by express or implied consent to act on behalf of the other, called the principal. The designated agent can thus affect or conduct the legal affairs of the principal with others, as in the case of the agreement known as power of attorney.The authorized acts of the agent are thus considered to be the acts of the principal, who is entitled to the benefits, if any, from these actions. The relationship differs from that of master and servant in that the agent is the representative, as well as the employee, of the principal (Microsoft Encata (2008). Dave (2010) is of the opinion that agency is the special relationship whereby one person (agent) agrees on behalf of another (principal) to conclude a contract between the principal and a third party.The most common agency relationships are; Buyer’s Agency: in a buyer’s agency relationship, the buyer is considered the client. Sell er’s Agency: a seller’s agency relationship represents the seller in the transaction and the seller is considered the client. Dual Agency: In a dual agency, an agent represents both buyer and seller in a single transaction and carries fiduciary responsibilities to both principals Any person who has legal capacity to make contracts can appoint an agent, who in turn must be of legal age and of sound mind.A corporation or a partnership, as well as an individual, can be either principal or agent. The agent may be appointed by actual agreement, or may be acknowledged as such by actions on his or her and a principal's part indicating such a mutual agreement. Obligations of the agent vary according to the particular agreement with the principal, who is generally required to act by specific instructions and is held responsible for wrongful acts of the agent only when they fall within the scope of the legal contract.The agent, besides being paid for services, is entitled to rei mbursement for particular expenses. 2. 3. Historical Background of Estate Agency The precise origin of estate agency is still a subject of controversy and a little cloudy. Some belive it originated from lawyers who were responsible for the drafting of lease and conveyances in respect of dwelling houses and agricultural land but no concrete evidence as to the authenticity of any precise origin exists (Olayinka, 2010). From researches, many belive that estate agency emerged from the profession of law i. attorney who developed the autioneering sides of their practices but this was refuted by Ash (1958) who states that estate agency grew from old auctioneers who were chattel men ( but surely also agricultural auctioners) who turned eagerly to the exiciting prospect of selling big landed estates and that the expression â€Å"estate agent† was coined to describe the parctitioner who did more of selling and buying than auctioneering. This is basically true because throughout the cou ntry one can readily identify firms of estate agents that grew directly from this source and who will still combine the sale of real roperty with earlier skills which still go a great deal further than autioneering (Jacobus, Charles, and Bruce, 1998). The employment by great land owners of persons to oversee their holdings, deal with tenure, rentals and many other matters on behalf of their lords goes far back to the Norman conquest. It could be argued that the stewards were agmonst the progenitor of todays â€Å"general practitioners† and as most of todays practising estate agents can be so described as being one of the origins from which they sprang.Yet they really operated as managing agents and could not be said to have operated in a free and open market therefore estate agency was then practiced by a priviledged few. Real estate practice grew out of England’s industrial development and it is the upheaval of the nineteenth century with its redistribution of ownersh ip and its multiplication of problems affecting property that can be traced to the vocation of auctioneers and estate agents (Stephens, 1981). Ash (1958) writing on the first auctioneer suggested that real estate activities originated and developed with Christopher Cook of the great piazza in Covent Garden.His first sale announcement which was entirely devoted to land appeared in the London evening post in April 1740, following this he built a considerable practise. Real estate practice grew out of England industrial development and it is the upheaval of the nineteeth century with its redistribution of ownership and its multiplication of problems affecting property that can be traced to the vocation of auctioners and estate agents (Olayinka, 2010). He went further to state that in the eighteenth century, the conditions govering the possesion of real estate were vastly different from those prevailing today.Landowners were an exclusive and priviledged and certainly limited class so fa r, land changing hands with any frequency was held for most parts in large estate and by the same families from generation. Therefore the real estate was free from modern perplexities (Ash, 1958). Fillmore, Wellington &Robert (2003) maintained that common law, law of agency is the basic framework of the law that governs the legal responsibilities of the estate agents to the people they represent. The fundamental of agency law has remained largely unchanged for hundreds of years.However the application of the law has changed dramatically, particuarly in residential transaction and especially in recent years. Oni (2009) in his book, Real Estate Marketing revealed that in recent times in Nigeria, a number of professional bodies have been formed, the oldest recognizable one is the Royal Institute Of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) founded in 1868 as the institute of surveyors. As the name implies, the early members were limited to those whose task it was to survey land and to oversee, report on and manage the land.Membership of RICS are professionals in the feild of Estate Surveying and Valuation, Land surveying and Quantity Surveying. The organised body recognised for the regulation of practise of estate agency in Nigeria is the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV). The practitioners are referred to as Estate Surveyors and Valuers. However, the corporate affairs commission regards estate agency as a business concern and classifies it under general business practice.This has partly accounted for why non- professionals, otherwise called â€Å"quacks†engage in the practice of estate agency without regulation. According to Stephens (1981), there is a high level of statisfaction with the services rendered by estate agents. If changes occurs, it might be in form of fewer or larger firms and computerisation in the future. 2. 4. Creation of Agency Creation of agency is viewed by Oni (2009) which is seen in two major ways :Expressly, By implicati on. Express creation maybe oraly made or could be done in writing, usually under seal.A form of written instruction â€Å"power of attorney† is usually given. This is an authorization to act on someone else’s behalf in a transaction involving land or land and building. Implied creation of agency can come in three ways :By Estoppel, by ratification and by necessity. By estoppel it means that one can be portrayed as an agent of another person. This type is of limited character and is sometimes known as â€Å"agency by estoppel† because parties bound by contract are prevented or â€Å"estopped† by law, or by conduct, from denying the existence of the agency.By ratification, this is permised on the equal dignity rule†. The rule is a principle of law that requires an authorization for someone performing certain acts for another person to have been appointed with the same formality and required for the act the representative is going to perform. By necess ity occurs when a situation arises in emergency condition where a person is obliged to act in order to prevent irrepearable loss to another. However three conditions must be atisfied before this type of agency can be created: It must be impracticable or impossible to communicate with the owner of the goods in order to get instructions, the agent must have acted in the best interest of the client and there must be imminent commercial necessity. According to Fillmore, Wellington &Robert (2003) research, it shows that an agency relationship may be based on formal agreement between the parties, an express agency, or it may result from the parties’ behaviour, an implied agency.It is an express agency when the principal and agent enters into a contract, or an express agreement, in which the parties formally express their intention to establish an agency and state its terms and conditions. The agreement maybe either oral or written. It is an implied agency when agency is created by implied agreement. This occurs when the actions of the parties indicate that they have mutually consented to an agency.ACCA F4 Corporate and Business Law (2010) maintained that principal/agent relationship can be created in a number of ways; Agreement, Ratification, Estoppel, Necessity Agreement: This is the most common manner in which a principal/agent relationship comes into existence. In this situation, the agent is specifically appointed by the principal to carry out a particular task or to undertake some general function. In most situations, the appointment of the agent will itself involve the establishment of a contractual relationship between the principal and the agent but need not necessarily depend upon a contract between the parties.Ratification: An agency is created by ratification when a person who has not actual authority purports to contract with a third party on behalf of a principal and the principal subsequently accepts the contract. Where the principal elects to r atify the contract, it gives retrospective validity to the action of the purported agent Estoppel: This form of agency is also known as „agency by holding out? and arises where the principal has led other parties to believe that a person has the authority to represent him.In such circumstances, even though no principal/agency relationship actually exists in fact, the principal is prevented (estopped) from denying the existence of the agency relationship and is bound by the action of his or her purported agent as regards any third party who acted in the belief of its existence. To rely on agency by estoppel, there must have been a representation by the principal as to the authority of the agent (Freeman and Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties Ltd (1964)) and the party seeking to rely on it must have relied on the representation.Necessity: Agency by necessity occurs under circumstances where, although there is no agreement between the parties, an emergency requires that an agent take particular action in order to protect the interests of the principal. The usual situation which gives rise to agency by necessity occurs where the agent is in possession of the principal? s property and, due to some unforeseen emergency, the agent has to take action to safeguard that property. 2. 5. Types of AgencyFillmore, Wellington & Robert (1988) explained that one major characteristic feature of estate agency is that more than one agent maybe involved in disposing off a particular property. This may occur whereby the owner of the property instructs more than one agent or where the agent himself appoints one or more sub- agents. This has given rise to four types of agency. i. Sole Agency ii. Joint Agency iii. Sub Agency iv. Multiple Agency. Sole Agency: this is when a client (house owner) appoints a single agent to dispose or let a property.However, the principal in some cases do sell the property personally despite his instruction to the agent but will not be allowed to s ell through another agent especially where the sole agency is created by a valid contract. Joint Agency: this arises where two agents are instructed by a principal to act jointly and cooperate in effecting the vendor’s instruction and share whatever fee is agreed as commission. Sub Agency: this exists where the type of property desired by a client in an area is not available in the agents’ portfolio, thus, the principal agent appoints a firm of sub-agents to cooperate in the contract.Multiple Agencies: this is the situation where the principal instructs several agents and each acting independently of the others with a view to reaching as large and wide market, expedite sales and procuring a better price. The winner takes all situations when it comes to commission. 2. 6. Duties and Rights of an Estate Agent Estate agents are legally obliged to put their client’s intrests above anyone else’s. They must keep clients information confidential and obey their cl ient’s lawful instructions. They have to report any useful information to their clients that they find out, concerning the seller or buyer.They have to account to their client for any money involved with their work. They are required to answer the principals questions to clarify their understanding of regulations and their responsibilities other parties involved. Lawdit readingroom (2006), an estate agent shall explain to every prospective party to any written offer or contract negotiated or procured by him in his capacity as an estate agent, prior to signature thereof by such party, the meaning and consequences of the material provisions of such offer or contract, or, if he is unable to do so, refer such party to a person who can do so. i.To obey the lawful instructions of the principal. ii. Not to delegate, sub-contract his authority. iii. Only to act within the limits of his authority (actual or ostensible). iv. Not to make a secret profit or accept bribes. v. Not to put h imself into a situation where his interests will conflict with those of his principal. vi. To use reasonable diligence and care, and reasonable dispatch. vii. To disclose all material facts to the principal and to refrain from divulging confidential information to third parties. viii. To account to the principal for property and money of the principal, which is under his control.Lawdit readingroom (2006) explained that the principal duties of an estate agent may be specified in the contract between principal and agent. A qualified professional agent after accepting an instruction from his client and concluding the basis of his contract has the following rights: i. He is entitled to compensation and renumeration for services rendered. ii. He must be indemified against all losses and liabilities suffered on behalf of his client and also reimbursed for expences incurred. iii. He may retain possession of his principals property untill he has been fully paid iv. Continue employment for t ime period specified. 2. 7.Liabilities of an Estate Agent Acccording to Fillmore, Wellington & Robert (1988), it appears that no man longer wishes to take the slightest risk on his property and attempts to insure himself against accidents, theft, fire, flooding damage or risks arising from renting accommodation. Therefore, the subject of liability is of importance both for real estate agents and their clients. Also the severity shown towards real estate professionals constitutes the price at their success where the value of their work and professional knowledge is recognised more each day, therefore, being competent and prudent to a client is of great importance.As one is to be ever prudent, the real estate professional must act with discernment and must seek advice of many technical experts in other fields of construction before embarking upon a project with his client. The risk of each operation stage should be clearly explained for he is at the service of not just his client but also the public. By accepting an instruction with good negotiating ability, he must reflect all the obligations of the tenant and landlord or the purchaser and vendor. He must have a good knowledge of the property concerned and the property market of the area he is dealing with. 2. 8.Termination of Estate Agency Subject to section 201 of the The Indian Contract Act,1872, it explained that an agent's authority can be terminated at any time, if the trust between the agent and principal has broken down, it is not reasonable to allow the principal to remain at risk in any transaction that the agent might conclude during a period of notice. Section 201 to 210, The Indian Contract Act, 1872, provided that agency may come to an end in a variety of ways: By the principal revoking the agency – However, principal cannot revoke an agency coupled with interest to the prejudice of such interest.An agency is coupled with interest when the agent himself has an interest in the subject-matter of the agency, (ii) By the agent renouncing the business of agency, (iii) By the business of agency being completed; (iv) By the principal being adjudicated insolvent (Section 201 of The Indian Contract Act. 1872) The principal also cannot revoke the agent’s authority after it has been partly exercised, so as to bind the principal (Section 204), though he can always do so, before such authority has been so exercised (Sec 203).Further, section 205, states that if the agency is for a fixed period, the principal cannot terminate the agency before the time expired, except for sufficient cause. If he does, he is liable to compensate the agent for the loss caused to him thereby. The same rules apply where the agent, renounces an agency for a fixed period. Notice in this connection that want of skill continuous disobedience of lawful orders, and rude or insulting behavior has been held to be sufficient cause for dismissal of an agent.Further, reasonable notice has to be given by on e party to the other; otherwise, damage resulting from want of such notice, will have to be paid (Section 206). Section 207, provides that the revocation or renunciation of an agency may be made expressly or impliedly by conduct. The termination does not take effect as regards the agent, till it becomes known to him and as regards third party, till the termination is known to them (Section 208). 2. 9. Comparative Study 2. 9. 1 Real Estate Agents Act 1976 (Public Act 1976 No 9) The Real Estate Agent Act 1976 of New Zealand consists of 9 parts and 125 sections.The first Part consist of Real Estate Agents Licensing Board, the second part addresses the Licensing of real estate agents, the third part addresses on the approval of salespersons, the fourth part consists of the duties of real estate agents, the fifth part addresses the Real Estate Institute of New Zealand incorporated, the sixth part also addresses the Real Estate Agents Fidelity Guarantee Fund, the seventh part addresses on the Disciplinary provisions of the board, the eighth part consists of the Appeals and lastly the ninth part addresses on the Miscellaneous provisions.The Estate Agents Act 1976 regulates the work of estate agents in New Zealand. The Act gives the meaning of real estate agent as any person who holds himself or herself out to the public as ready to act, for reward as an agent in respect of the sale or other disposal of land or of businesses either with or without any interest in land) or the purchase or other acquisition of land or of businesses (either with or without any interest in land), or in respect of the leasing or letting of land, whether or not that person carries on any other business. Subject to section 34 of this Act, no person shall carry on the business of a real estate agent unless he or she is the holder of a licence issued in accordance with this Part of this Act.Every person, not being the holder of a licence, commits an offence and is liable to a fine not exceedin g $2,000 who describes himself or herself in writing as or holds himself or herself out to be a real estate agent, or carries on business as a real estate agent, and, in addition to any fine that may be imposed, shall be liable to forfeit to Her Majesty the Queen all money received by him or her by way of commission, profit, or remuneration for any services or work performed by him or her as an unlicensed real estate agent.Subject to section 17 of this Act, every person who has attained the age of 20 years and has passed the examinations for the time being prescribed by the Institute and has been approved by the Board for the purposes of this section; or is a company; or is a building society; or was, at any time within 5 years before the commencemen of this Act, the holder of a real estate agent’s licence issued under the Real Estate Agents Act 1963 or a partner of such holder or a director or officer of a licensee company, in either case approved under section 21(2) of the Real Estate Agents Act 1963 or has surrendered a licence pursuant to section 31 of this Act and has been approved by the Board for the purposes of this section, or is, and has been, an associate member of the Institute since before the 1st day of January 1966 and who has, at least since that date, been continuously engaged or employed as an approved salesperson by the same or different real estate agents shall be eligible to hold a licence under this Act. The Act further explained in subsection (1) of this section, no person shall apply for or obtain or be eligible to hold a licence under this Act if the agent is a bankrupt and has not obtained the order of discharge, or, if the agent has obtained the order of discharge and it is suspended for a term not yet expired or is subject to conditions not yet fulfilled or the agent holds practising certificate as a barrister or solicitor of the High Court of New Zealand or Every person who applies for or obtains a licence knowing that he or she is not eligible to do so under the foregoing provisions of this section commits an offence. Under section 67, of the real estate institute of New Zealand, every licensee shall be a member of the Institute, whether or not he or she applies for membership, notwithstanding subsection (1) of this section, such of the officers of a licensee company as the rules of the Institute provide shall be members of the Institute. If any person suspended under this section satisfies the Board that all fees and other payments have been paid, the Board shall cancel the suspension of that person. Section 36 provides for the purpose of the Act a Registrar shall be appointed and the registrar shall set up and maintain a Register of Real Estate Agents.The real estate institute of New Zealand Regulates the members of the Institute who are not holders of licences. Subject to subsection (4) of section 55, all money received by a real estate agent in respect of any transaction in his or her capacity as a real estate agent shall be paid to the person lawfully entitled thereto or as that person may in writing direct: Provided that where the real estate agent is in doubt on reasonable grounds as to the person who is lawfully entitled to any such money, he or she may retain that money in his or her trust account until the person lawfully entitled has been ascertained, but shall take all reasonable steps to ascertain as soon as practicable the person so entitled.Except in pursuance of an order of a Court of competent jurisdiction or an authority signed by all the parties to the transaction, where a real estate agent receives any money (other than money received by way of rent from the letting of any land) in respect of any transaction, he or she shall not pay that money to any person for a period of 10 days after the date on which he or she received it; and, if at any time while he or she holds any money on behalf of any party to the transaction he or she receives written notice of any requisitions or objections in respect of the title to any land affected by the transaction, he or she shall not at any time pay that money to any person except in pursuance of such an order or authority. In general, the principles promoted by the Act, It is a criminal offence for an un-discharged bankrupt to engage in estate agency work except as an employee of another person or as an employee of a company of which he is neither a director nor has control, it is also a criminal offence for anybody carry on the business of an estate agent, unless the agent is the holder of a licence issued in accordance with the Act. 2. 9. 2 Valuers, Appraisers And Estate Agents Act 1981 (Laws Of Malaysia Act 242). The Valuers, Appraisers And Estate Agents Act 1981 of Malaysia consists of 8 parts and 35 sections.The first Part focuses on the interpretation of terms, the second part addresses the appointment, duties and powers of director general of valuation and property services and other officers, the third part consists of the board of valuers, appraisers and estate agents, the fourth part addresses on the registers, the fifth part addresses on the valuers and appraisers and the estate agents, the sixth part also addresses the firms, the seventh part consists of the disciplinary and other proceedings and lastly the eighth part addresses generally on offences, search by warrant,search and seizure without warrant,list of things seized,penalty for other offences, immunity of board, agmonsts others. The board of valuers, appraisers and estate agents regulates the works of estate agents in Malaysia. The act therefore explains estate agency practice as means of acting or holding oneself out to the public as ready to act, for a commission, fee, reward or other consideration, as an agent in respect of the sale or other disposal of land and buildings and of any interest therein or the purchase or other acquisition of land and buildings and of any interest therein or in respect of th e leasing or letting of land and buildings and of any interest therein.Subject to section 22A, an estate agent can be registered if he has attained the age of 21 years and is of sound mind, good character and has not been convicted of any offence involving fraud or dishonesty or moral turpitude during the five years immediately preceding the date of his application, he is not an undischarged bankrupt; he satisfies the requirements of section 22D, he has made a declaration in the form and manner prescribed by the Board, he has paid the fees prescribed by the Board and he is not under suspension from valuation or estate agency practice nor has his name been cancelled from the Register. Subject to the provisions of this Act, section 22B explaines that a registered estate agent who has been issued with an authority to practise by the Board shall be entitled to practise his profession and shall be authorised to undertake estate agency practice. Subject to subsection (2), no registered es tate agent shall carry on property management.According to section 22C No person shall unless he is a registered estate agent and has been issued with an authority to practise under section 16 is allowed to practise or carry on business or take up employment under any name, style or title containing the words estate agent, house agent, property agent, land agent, house broker or the equivalent thereto, in any language or bearing any other word whatsoever in any language which may reasonably be construed to imply that he is a registered estate agent, he is also not allowed to display any signboard, or use, distribute or circulate any card, letter, pamphlet, leaflet, notice or any form of advertisement, implying either directly or indirectly that he is a registered estate agent, an estate agent is not allowed to offer for sale or invite offers to purchase any land, building and any interest therein irrespective of whether such land, building and interest is located within Malaysia or outside Malaysia: Provided that where foreign properties are to be marketed in Malaysia, such offer or invitation shall be made by or through an estate agent practising and residing in Malaysia. An estate agent is qualified when he has complied with section 22D of the Act which states that, any person who has passed the examinations prescribed by the Board or who has obtained qualifications which the Board recognizes as equivalent to such examinations may apply to the Board to be registered as a probationary estate agent.A probationary estate agent shall be required to obtain the practical experience and to pass the Test of Professional Competence prescribed by the Board or any equivalent test or examination recognized by the Board. Where a probationary estate agent has complied with the requirements of subsection (3), he may apply to the Board to have his name entered in the Register. Under section 24, if an estate agent has contravened or failed to comply with any of the provision s of this Act or of any of the rules made thereunder and has been found guilty by the Board of any professional misconduct or of any act or conduct which in the opinion of the Board is infamous or disgraceful, the board shall suspending his practice for a eriod not exceeding three years or imposing a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit and recording such fine in the appropriate Register and that he be suspended from practice until the fine is paid. The valuers, appraisers and estate agents act 1981 regulates the affairs of estate agents in malaysia and the act is regulated by the board of valuers, appraisers and estate agents. The board in general does not allow the practise of unregistered estate agent unless he is registered under the board as an estate agent and actions are taken when a registered estate agent fails to complie with the provisions of the act . In other words, estate agency in malaysia is recognised under the valuers, appraisers and estate agents act 1981. 2. 9 . 3 Estate Agents Act 1980 (Austraila)Estate Agents Act 1980 of Austraila comprises of 9 parts and 102 sections. The first part writes on the introduction and definitions, the second part consists of the Estate Agents Council, the third part addresses licences of estate agents , the fourth part consists of the agents and agents' representatives, the fifth part addresses builders and subdividers of land, the sixth part consists of accounts, audit and monitoring of estate agency business, the seventh part addresses victorian property fund, the eighth part consists of miscellaneous and lastly the ninth part addresses on transitional and savings. The activities of an estate agent is regulated by the estate agents council.Section 6B of the act states the functions of the council, to monitor the operation of this Act and the regulations, also to monitor the provision of services by estate agents and developments in the real estate industry generally and to monitor and evaluate the effecti veness of any procedures set up to deal with disputes between estate agents or between estate agents and persons dealing with estate agents relating to services or the charging of commission. Subject to section12 of this Act an individual shall not either by himself or as a member of partnership exercise or carry on or advertise notify or state that he exercises or carries on or is willing to exercise or carry on the business of an estate agent, or act as an estate agent, or in any way hold himself out to the public as ready to undertake for payment or other remuneration (whether monetary or otherwise) any of the functions of an estate agent unless he is a licensed estate agent.A person (other than a corporation) under section14 shall not be eligible to be granted an estate agent's licence unless he is not less than eighteen years of age and he has passed any courses of instruction or examinations prescribed by the regulations and during the 3 years immediately before applying for t he licence been engaged in full-time employment as an agent's representative for not less than one year or for periods amounting in the aggregate to one year; or part-time employment as an agent's representative for not less than the equivalent of one year of full-time employment or for periods amounting in the aggregate to the equivalent of one year of full-time employment or he has within the period of five years immediately preceding his application held an estate agent's licence; or she or he has met any other requirements establishing competency set out in the regulations.Therefore Despite subsection (1), a person is eligible to be granted an estate agent’s licence if he or she satisfies the Authority that he or she has been licensed or otherwise authorised under the laws of another place or country to carry on a business in that place or country and also he has an adequate knowledge of Victorian estate agency law, practice and procedure, including accounting. Subject to section16 a person is eligible to be employed as an agent's representative if she or he is at least 18 years of age and has passed any prescribed courses of instruction or examination; and has not, within the last 10 years in Australia or elsewhere, been convicted or had found proven against him or her any offence involving fraud, dishonesty, drug trafficking or violence which was punishable by imprisonment for 3 months or more.Section 99 gives the power to the Governor in Council to may make regulations, requiring estate agents to give consumers of their services information in relation to those services in a form specified by the regulations or approved by the Director and the responsibilities of the officer in effective control of the estate agency business of a licensed estate agent that is a corporation with respect to the supervision and control of that business. 2. 9. 4 The Estate Agents Act (Chapter 533) Kenya Estate Agents Act cap 533 of Kenya comprises of 7 parts and 27 s ections. The first part writes on preliminary and interpretation of terms, the second part consists of the establishment of the board, the third part addresses the registrar and the register, the fourth part consists of the registration of estate agents, the fifth part addresses restriction on practice, the sixth part consists regulation of conduct and lastly the seventh part addresses miscellaneous provisions. The activities of estate agents in kenya is regulated by the Estate Agents Registration Board.The Board shall be charged with the responsibility of registering estate agents and of ensuring that the competence and conduct of practicing estate agents are of a standard sufficiently high to ensure the protection of the public, and for that purpose may exercise the powers conferred, and shall perform the duties imposed, upon the Board by the provisions of this Act. Estate agents are registered by the baord under sections 6;7, the Minister shall appoint a public officer as the reg istrar of the Board whoshall keep and maintain a register in which the name of every Person accepted by the Board for registration under this Act shall be entered showing the date of the entry in the register, the address of the person registered and the qualifications of the person. The register shall be published in the Gazette, at the beginning of each year, a list containing the names, addresses and qualifications of all registered estate agents.Subject to part iv (section13) of the Act, a person who is a citizen of Kenya shall be entitled, on making application to the Board to be registered under this Act and have his name enter in the register if he is a member of the Institution of Surveyors of Kenya, or a corporate member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and he is qualified to be or is a member of the Institution of Surveyors of Kenya or the holder of a degree, diploma or license from any university or college or school which is recognized for the time being b y the Board or a person who is the holder of a degree, diploma or license of a university or college or school or a member of an institution the membership of which is recognized for the time being by the Board as furnishing sufficient evidence of an adequate academic training for practice as an estate agent and has had, to the satisfaction of the Board, practical post-qualification experience in such practice of not less than two years of which not less than six months has been in Kenya. Notwithstanding the fact that he has sufficient qualifications under subsection (1), the Board may require an applicant for registration as an estate agent under this Act to satisfy if that his professional and general conduct has been such that, in the opinion of the Board, he is a fit and proper person to be registered under this Act and the Board may direct the registrar to postpone the registration of an applicant until it is so satisfied.Part v (section 18) of the Act writes on the restriction on practice and it states that no individual shall practice as an estate agent unless he is a registered estate agent also no partnership shall practice as estate agents unless all the partners whose activities include the doing of acts by way of such practice are registered estate agents, therefore any person who contravenes subsection (1) shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding twenty thousand shillings to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both. Under section 23, if a registered estate agent is convicted of an offence under this Act or is after due inquiry found to have been guilty of an act or omission contrary to the public interest or amounting to professional misconduct the Board will have his registration under the Act suspended or caution the person and may also order that such caution shall be entered on the register or impose a fine not exceeding five thousand shillings upon that person or Order that the name of the person shal l be deleted from the register.The comparative study on the laws of the different countries shows that estate agents are recognised in their respective institutions and the activities of an estate agent is regulated by the respective Boards or Councils. However in Nigeria, estate agency activities are not regulated by any legislatilon. In addtion, there are no provisions for regulating estate agent activities by the Estate Surveyors and Valuers registration Board in Nigeria and the regulating law of Estate Surveying and Valuation profession : â€Å" Estate Surveyors and Valuers (Registration, ETC. ) Act 1975† of Nigeria did not make any provisions for regulating how estate agency should be practised in Nigeria. Subject to section 18 of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (Registration, ETC. ) Act, 1975, every Estate Surveyor and Valuer shall be ssued with a Seal and Stamp on registration and all professional duties performed by and/or emanating from his office or under his hand shal l bear the Stamp and Seal issued by the Board. 2. 10. The Real Estate Profession The Estate Surveyor and Valuer is any person duly registered by the Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Board of Nigeria (ESVARBON) to practice the profession of Estate Surveying and Valuation throughout the Federation of Nigeria. ESVARBON as established by the Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Act No. 24 of 1975 (now CAP HI Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990) is the regulatory body of the Estate Surveying and Valuation profession in Nigeria, and the only body legally authorized to register persons fit and qualified to practice the profession.Therefore practices in the profession constitutes; Land Economy, Real Estate and Allied Matters, Valuation and Apprasial of Plant, Machinery and Business Assets, Land and Facilities Management, Building Maintenance, Property Development and Investment, as well as Land Administration Systems. The professional duties of the Estate Surveyor and Value r in practice as enunciated by the Nigerian institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV), which is the umbrella association for all Estate Surveyors and Valuers in Nigeria include: 1. Determining the value of all descriptions of landed property and of the various interests therein; 2. Managing and developing Real Estates and business concerned with the Management of landed property. 3. Securing the optimal use of land and its associated resources to meet social and economic needs. 4.Surveying the structure and conditions of buildings and their services and advising on their maintenance alteration and improvement. 5. Determining the economic use of resources of the construction industry and the Financial appraisal and measurement of construction work. 6. Selling (whether by Public Auction or otherwise) buying or letting, as an agent, real or personal property or any interests therein, and to maintain and promote ‘the usefulness of the profession for the public advantage. 2. 10. 1Requirements for Qualification as an Estate Surveyor and Valuer The practice of estate agency is a very delicated one, anyone who is an estate agent must be a professional in the practice and the set rules which regulate and guide the conduct of the practitioners.Therefore a professional estate agent is expected to keep and maintain a high degree of inteligence, honesty, competence and ethical responsibility standard for integrity is the watchword of estate management practice in general. A professional estate agent must have undergone a period of training in the field of estate management, passing five ’Ordinary Level credits in subjects like Mathematics, English Language, Economics and two science subjects which would facilitate an admission to study Estate Management in accredited polytechnics or universities. After the completion of either Higher National Diploma (HND) or a B. Sc degree in Estate Management, a graduate HND holder, from an accredited polytechnic, will sit for the Professional Qualifying Examination Stage 3 (PQE 3) while graduates of non-accredited university or polytechnic will sit for PQE 2.Success in the PQE examination will enhance participation in the Professional Practice Examination (PPE) which will be followed by the writing of a Critical Analysis subject to the approval of a synopsis. The Professional Practice Examination (PPE) and the Critical Analysis writing stage, however, is the entry point for a university graduate with a B. Sc degree in Estate Management. Those that scaled through the Critical Analysis Stage (either through HND or B. Sc entry point) will now face the Membership Committee of the NIESV for an interview to become an Associate Member of the body and, thereafter, apply for full registration with the Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Board of Nigeria (ESVARBON) in accordance with decree 24 of 1975.Lastly, such an associate would be registered by the Board (ESVARON) and during the course of r egistration, would be interviewed and if sucessful, given a seal. It is at this point one can be called a full- fledge valuer and carry out valuation without supervision. The professional estate agent goes beyond buying, selling and leasing of intrest in land and landed properties. He is bound to be deligent, honest and in a position to educate his client on the type of property to buy, be able to negotiate and have innovative thinking. Amongst other things, the estate agent should have the knowledge of all other fi