Marion Sparg

Marion sparg Marion Sparg was one of the few white women to join Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the armed wing of the African National Congress during South Africa's apartheid era. A Sunday Times journalist, she was prompted into action after 32 ANC members and 19 civilians were killed by the South African Defence Force in an attack on Maseru, Lesotho.She would spend the years between 1981 and 1986 in exile where she received training in guerrilla warfare and worked in the ANC's Communication Department on a publication named Voice of Women and thereafter joined the Special Operations Division of Umkhonto We Sizwe In 1986 she was sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment on charges of treason, arson and attempted arson. Pleading guilty to all charges, she admitted planting and exploding limpet mines at Johannesburg's notorious police headquarters, John Vorster Square, and also at Cambridge Police Station in East LondonFollowing the unbanning of the ANC, she was released in 1991 at the same time a s fellow treason prisoners Damian de Lange and Iain Robertson, shortly after which she was nominated to the ANC delegation that participated in an early round of CODESA, the multiparty negotiations that led to South Africa's first multi-racial elections in 1994. In the same year, at the age of 34, she was appointed deputy executive director of the Constitutional Assembly, the body that would draft South Africa's groundbreaking 1996 constitution. 1996 she was appointed Town Clerk of the Eastern Metropolitan sub-structure of the Lekoa- Vaal-metropole. [7] Three years later she became the Secretary to the National Council of Provinces (NCOP) and in 2000 joined the office of Bulelani Ngcuka where she became Chief Executive Officer of the National Prosecuting Authority and the accounting officer of the Directorate of Special Operations, commonly known as the Scorpions.In 2003, amidst a public spat between the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and Jacob Zuma, South Africa's then-disgra ced deputy president, anonymous letters were sent to the Public Service Commission (PSC) accusing Sparg, her deputy Beryl Simelane and integrity unit head Dipuo Mvelase (also Deputy Chairperson of the South African Communist Party) of tender-rigging, corruption and nepotism. The Commission found no criminal wrongdoing and referred the matter to the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development – the parent body of the NPA.The Department head instituted 30 charges against the three women. South Africa's Financial Mail would describe the allegations as ‘bizarre' after the charges were withdrawn at the formal disciplinary hearing, only to be reinstated two days later. They would be officially dropped in early 2007. In June 2007 she resigned from the NPA to take up employment in the private sector. Marion has since joined Draftfcb Social Marketing, a division of Draftfcb SA.

Hallowed Ground – Creative Writing

One damp morning in the spring of 1951, an elderly woman sat in her drawing room, and stared out of the Edwardian window, stretching from the floor to the ceiling. The velvet green curtains fluttered slightly against a draft. This is her place of rest, were she chose to lead the rest of her life peacefully. She gazed into her garden. Her drawing room was vacant when compared with the beauty of nature. The walls were lined with great masterpieces, her tables decorated with beautiful and rare Ming vases. She sat upright against the silk tapestry cushions of the chair. She loved the outdoors, and always felt uncomfortable with the four walls enclosing her, no matter how beautifully they were decorated. She always adored her garden, the white and pink roses in her numerous and perfectly arranged, symmetrical beds. The garden had limestone stairs, and she peered out of the window, down the grey-white steps, to a garden that stretched to the horizon. The grass was a pure deep green. And in the centre, a pond, stretching horizontally from one end of the garden to the other, the only means of crossing was an old bridge of pale wood with small engravings of dragons lining its railings. She watched the golden red carp glitter in the soft morning sun under the water's surface. Her garden shone with pink and white blossoms. The flowers, at this time of year were mainly spring pansies, daffodils and bluebells, dripping with morning dew. The rose bushes stretched all the way across the left side of the brick wall, ruining its foundations. She remembered old age, spreading through her body like the flower, ruining her strength. Her once able body was frail. Time was running out: the hourglass had tipped. She leant forward to the man across the table, sipping his tea and waiting patiently for a reply. She felt his harsh gaze in her eyes. â€Å"So, Miss Amanda Daley†, he began, â€Å"are you considering ever using our services again, perhaps writing another book or novel? I hope you know, and of course you do, being a lady of worth, that our services are at the best of prices and of the highest quality.† His words remained unanswered, and she carried on staring out of the window. His pinstripe suit and unmarked suede shoes were intimidating, and clearly he was a wealthy man, ignorant to suffering. She was uncomfortable in his company, and like a small child, looked at the floor. And yet, she hated silence, the social void, representing her lack of communal knowledge, and gossip could spread about her past. She sat with her back erect, causing her pain. And yet, she felt that etiquette overcame physical pain, as her father had always taught her. Her back throbbed. She was indifferent to her publication anyhow, since she grew increasingly ill, relief succumbed to etiquette. Her back relaxed. And, as she suspected, she felt a kind of paternal betrayal. Finally, she brought herself to mutter a few words, â€Å"Yes, thank you, I know. I shall send a telegram when necessary. My book will be finished in about three weeks. Come to collect the papers when I call.† She led him to the front door, where he stepped into his automobile. ‘Being a lady of worth'- these words irritated her, span around in her head, but she kept calm and showed no discontent. His car vanished through the drive, and she saw no point in waving him off. She had work to do. She was to begin her story. She sat in the drawing room, asked the maid to fetch her a blanket and hot tea, and sat at the oak table near another window. She stared at her aged hands and wrinkled face in the reflection of her silver teapot, each line representing a time in her life, and she also noticed her hollow eyes. The blue veins emerged on her fingers, as if her condition had just appeared overnight. But alas, this was not so. They did not just emerge, but the veins remained; no medicine could possibly cure it. She had simply not cared before. There were more important things to handle previously; age was a meagre aspect amongst her losses. She sat back, and allowed the painful memories to enter her mind. (2) Her mother, whom she adored with all her heart, would tell her stories when she sat up in bed, and listened with the same intent, even though the stories were often alike. Once her mother had left, and she had said her prayer, she looked out of her window to the star-studded sky, against the black sheet of infinity, and rested against it, was the chalky moon. She shut her eyes. At sunrise, she saw her father leaving the house, as usual. He shut the door with the same pessimism. His job was tedious, though he was too arrogant with false masculinity to ever admit it. He was well educated, well dressed, well paid and an owner of a leading company. He paid for servants to look after her family, even though her mother saw it as an intrusion of privacy. The house was situated on the edge of the sea cliffs, and the path following down to the ocean was lined with jagged rocks, sharp enough to cut. An hour later she tore her shoe on the steep path when walking down to the bay. As she stared deep into the horizon, she wondered what was beyond it. The sea lapped at her bare feet and she felt a slight spiritual familiarity with her surroundings, an eternal bonding of the vast and treacherous sea with her small, trusting heart. The sea sang into her ears, the wind caressed her skin and the sea appeared to be studded with thousands of diamonds against a turquoise backdrop. The sun blazed and her skin shone pink. She returned to a silent house. â€Å"Mother†, she called, looking uncertain, bracing herself. A splutter came from upstairs, and the servants were nowhere to be seen. She saw her mother coming down the stairs. The reply was not as dire as she had expected or it was and she simply did not understand. â€Å"Annabella†, her mother said. She spoke in a quiet tone, one that would have been soothing if it were not for the overwhelming fear that she could sense in her mother's eyes and expression. â€Å"Your father has been injured at his factory. Now, I don't expect you to understand this but we are treading on thin ice. We may be in slight financial trouble, but there is no reason to worry.† But there was. Annabella could sense it. What was a pretty Victorian house was now wrought with depression. Annabella stopped walking down the beach, and fell asleep in tears. The month later, she was roused by Victoria, her maid, and was told to dress. She met her mother at the breakfast table. Her beautiful green eyes were now veiled with tears, her curled blonde hair was now matted and greasy. She managed to force out the words, but Annabella knew exactly what she was about to hear. The house was silent again, no coughing, no cries and no shouts. She whimpered and tensed herself. All she heard was, â€Å"He's gone.† No sounds from her father, no reminders of the infected wound. She did not cry. She was grieving ever since he was hurt, and she knew it. Her father had died after a wild fever and her family suffered in horrible grief, his death believed to have been caused by the infected wound. Once she understood the cruel consequences of her father's death; a growing anger came over her, like a flame on oil. â€Å"Why has he left us?† she asked herself. â€Å"He had not taken any care; no money was ever left except for the pittance that remained after debts and taxes. There was no longer any financial help. He left my mother in hysterical tears, a sorry and disconcerting spectacle to their children.† (3) Even though it was many years since her father's funeral, she remembered the light oak coffin in which her father's body rested comfortably against a white silk tapestry. She remembered the echoing aisle sounds of shoes against the limestone floor, her silent mother and wailing brother, still young and too small to understand. During the final stages of his life, he had grown incredibly weak and thin. Two dark pits surrounded his eyes and the red and brown liquid seeping from his mouth. Her mother was always kneeling at his bedside with a damp cloth in order to calm the fever. The injury in his chest had become infected, and his whole chest was swollen, and his temperature soared. He often vomited. He cried during the night and woke up the house. Her mother never allowed servants to look after him, and she stayed by him, feeling that it was her responsibility. The memories of her father stayed with Annabella for the rest of her life, traumatising her, and yet provided her with an inner strength and understanding of the temporality of life. Unable to hold her pen any longer Annabella sat back, shut her eyes and waited till she had the enthusiasm to start the next chapter. The book, rather than being a release of the emotional torments, became a burden of pain.

Obama's Bailout Plans Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Obama's Bailout Plans - Term Paper Example Treasury to help average Americans, $300 billion was used to bailout homeowners affected by the housing crisis in July, $200 billion for the release of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in September, and another $50 billion and $25 billion were used to save money market funds and car companies, respectively. Stimulus packages were also injected this year, as the Obama regime unleashed a mammoth $787 billion in February to combat unemployment and another $275 billion was allocated also in February for nine million homeowners to refinance their home loans in order to prevent threats of foreclosure. Another wave of economic rescue plans were bared in March, such as the $30 billion to again lend financial assistance to American Investment Group (AIG) hit by the banking crisis last year, $15 billion to help troubled small businesses, $1 trillion to try to save toxic assets from the balance sheets of financial institutions, and $ 22 billion to assist two automakers, General motors and Chrysler. The latest of the bailouts is the $1 trillion stimulus package as a result of the G-20 meeting in London in April. Given this uncertain amount of bailouts and stimulus packages, the office of the President, the Federal Reserve and the ... Millions of American jobs are at stake, and thousands of businesses- large or small- are also at risked of getting sideswiped by the financial turmoil. The fear of massive unemployment due to the unprecedented closure of big businesses like banks, car companies, and even small businesses galvanized the Obama administration into action by injecting stimulus packages that are aimed at saving the economy. Based on the U.S. government's forecast, joblessness will stand at 8.1 percent this year, but the figure is expected to drop to 7.9 percent in 2010 (Dickson). This means that hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of American workers are at risk of being pushed out of their jobs. Recession in the United States was said to have reached an alarming level, as businesses continue to be severely affected and unemployment rate continues to escalate. Now, the Federal Reserve is playing a major role in trying to solve the financial crisis that continues to threaten the U.S. dollar. However, will the Federal Reserve solve the economic crisis or will it only worsen the problem The Fed and the monetary system The Federal Reserve System, which was created in 1913 during the term of former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson by virtue of the Federal Reserve Act, is a semi-public monetary institution. This means that despite the word "federal," this institution is not 100-percent owned by the federal government. Since the creation of the Federal Reserve, economic crunch became unavoidable due to the inflationary nature of America's monetary system. In fact, a number of well-known critics of the Federal Reserve, which is beyond the control and supervision of the U.S.

Questions for Practitioners and Researchers Research Paper

Questions for Practitioners and Researchers - Research Paper Example The last two US secretaries of state are just examples (Jarrett and Tchen, 2012). Propose some best practices that foster leadership development at earlier periods in human development. Speculate about what might be done at the grade school and high school levels to encourage leadership in young girls In order to encourage leadership in young girls, grade schools should set up model assemblies that imitate the Congress or the UN. After that schools should offer debatable topics especially those relating to policy so that they get an experience of what it means to address matters of public exams. Classes should also be allowed to elect one male and female representative so that young girls get a chance to discover their talents in public speaking, which is an essential leadership skills. Schools can also nurture leadership by also appointing many young girls into positions of responsibility to have them get used to being on the lead (Matthews, 2009). Women in the United States are ahead of other countries in education but not in holding positions in business and government as their education achievement would suggest. Speculate about the reasons for this and propose what to do about the situation While this may be true, it does not hold to a certain extent. The real situation is that this had been the trend in the past. Currently there are women holding position in the government. The last two secretaries of state have been women and they have both done a marvelous job. The president is poised to appoint another woman Mrs. Rice as the next secretary of State. As pertains to business, probably it applies with regard to top positions. Even so, there are women holding positions in businesses. Many countries, have fewer women than men in various positions. The most probable reason for this trend comes down to social organization where women have to worry about being good mothers and good leaders (Jarrett & Tchen,

Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employee Relations - Essay Example This essay will look at the effects of law and management in various organisations in the modern society. In every organisation, there are different types of managers who have their own styles of leadership. This is what makes production of goods and services in these institutions different. Organisations may be dealing with the same line of production, but it is clear that there are those that have more clients compared to others. Some have the right number of employees in the company to run daily operations, but some cannot achieve their goals because of lack of labour supply. This essay will therefore look at management and law in the employment sector, looking at how employees should be handled, how they work in a stress-free environment and how they relate with their superiors at work. It will generally look at environment at work and how laws should be implemented to make certain that production of goods and services is done effectively. In his article, Middlemiss points out th at in most institutions, organisational psychologists have always defined and characterised employment correlation in terms of psychological deal. This has been the trend for over 40 years, and within the same period, judges have through their decisions, set terms that are applicable to all employment contracts. Commentators on the other hand have analysed these terms in substantial details drawn from both practitioner and academic backgrounds. In this article Middlemiss particularly aims at analysing the nature and significance of the notion of psychological indenture and takes into consideration its application in the notion of the most significant implied terms in the employment contract (Middlemiss 2011: 42). Middlemiss wrote his article from a review of secondary basis of the two subjects covered. In this article, therefore, he explains the employment relationship and the contract of employment. The two subjects have a common purpose in a way, and Misslemiss goes ahead to expla in more about their potential and roles for combined deployment in the place of work. This article is significant as the context in it entails the nature and effects of two contractual forms that control correlation in the employment sector. This clearly shows the methodology used by many organisations to undertake their operations and how the employees are handled to ensure that they all have a favourable environment to work in. According to Middlemiss, both psychological and contractual terms have effects on the employment sector in every organisation. The psychological contract is somehow problematic as it is derived from notions from various researchers which make it difficult to be defined. In this case, it is hard to undertake organisational operations using this contractual terms because they are derived from other sources. Implied contractual terms, on the other hand, are easier to use in an organisation as they are formed by the internal managerial staff. It is easier to wo rk with such terms because they are internally formed, and no ideas are borrowed. With this type of contractual terms, it is possible to undertake operations easily without inconveniences as they are decisions that are made within the organisation. Though they both have effects on employment laws, the difference is that implied terms are from within the organi

Oceans and climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oceans and climate change - Essay Example However, these changes are not taking place uniformly. In fact, the poles have already experienced the greatest warming, and are expected to continue to warm more intensely as compared to other areas. This has resulted to loss of ice in the arctic regions. Consequently, this has resulted to increase of ocean volume and thus affecting the entire planet. The ocean has experienced an increase in temperatures due to climate change and this has affected the already existing conditions of the living things negatively. On the other hand, El Nià ±o and La Nina have contributed to changes in the oceans. The ocean is an essential aspect of understanding how climate change is affecting the planet. This is due to frequent fluctuation of the climate from cold to warm weather. This paper seeks to focus on the effects of climate changes and how this will affects or has affected the oceans and the people. Firstly, it is essential to note that about 71% of the land surface is covered with the oceans (New England Aquarium 1). These include Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern oceans. An ocean acts as the planet largest heat absorber (New England Aquarium 1). This means that as the ocean absorb, store and deliver large quantities of heat, the ocean buffer the climate of the planet (New England Aquarium 1). This means the change in the ocean has irreversible outcomes in future. The first impact of climate change on the ocean is the increase in the oceans levels. This is due to warming of water that in turn results to increased water volume. This is commonly known as thermal expansion. This expansion and warm temperature have resulted to sea rise due to extra water generated from the melting glaciers. Moreover, increased melting has been reported at the ice caps in Greenland and west Antarctica (New England Aquarium 1). This is projected to change one to two feet by 2100 (New England Aquarium 1). The

Learner Autonomy in Language Learning and Teaching Literature review

Learner Autonomy in Language Learning and Teaching - Literature review Example Furthermore, autonomy in language learning and teaching has been studied in alternative contexts, circumstances and practices (Camilleri, 1997). Among the contexts in which autonomy in linguistics has been covered in recent times are self-regulation, teacher/learner development, autonomy and motivation, and the socio-cultural theory of autonomy (Camilleri, 1997). In addition to the ever-expanding role of autonomy in educational policies and their reforms, many works have covered the developments that the philosophy of autonomy has undergone in recent times. Furthermore, this literature review suggests the possible direction for future autonomy-related/focused researches by students, lecturers and applied-linguistics researchers. This literature review will be quite useful to educators and language teachers concerned with learner training, self-accessibility and autonomous learning since it comprehensively accounts for autonomy in language learning and all the other educational practi ces related to the concept of autonomy. Autonomy in Language Learning and Teaching Although a rather common term in contemporary linguistic classes and issues, autonomy is not that clearly understood by many a stakeholder. This situation is more apparent in education activities related to the acquiring of lifelong learning skills (Benson and Voller, 1997). However, many works appreciate the role of autonomy in changing age-old practices and beliefs in linguistic classes, hence the promotion of self-accessibility and participation in language learning institutions (Benson and Voller, 1997). Because of the effects of the past and recently published books and research findings and the recommended practices therein, language learning has claimed its position in the academic field and has consequently placed learners at the centre of education. The historical origins and the background of the term ‘autonomy’ in linguistics is one of its many aspects covered in the works revi ewed in this study. Most works concur that the term ‘learner autonomy’ was coined and first used by Henri Holec, regarded as the father of learner autonomy, in 1981. Though it originated from a single source, the relevant works define the term quite differently. These definitions not only depend on writers but also on their educational levels and contexts within which their books and articles are written. Among the contexts in which the definition of ‘learner autonomy’ has been defined differently are politics, education and human/social spheres (Benson and Voller, 1997). However, it is in the educational context, more so linguistics, that ‘learner autonomy’ has been covered in studies and works to a large extent. In fact, in linguistics-related literature, autonomy is portrayed both as a means and an end to learning and teaching languages. In the literature review, several definitions were common in most books. For instance, Benson and Voller (1997) define ‘learner autonomy’ as one’s capacity to take charge of his/her learning activities and processes. Other authors define ‘autonomy’ as a learner’s or a teacher’s ability to psychologically relate with the contents and processes of learning and teaching respectively (Wenden, 1998). For teachers, autonomy also implies the recognition of a learner’s rights within a learning institut

Come up with a topic for me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Come up with a topic for me - Essay Example The truth is yet to be established. According to Sartre’s philosophy of Existentialism, each individual in any nation seems to the freedom and right to choose a leader of preference (Sartre, 12). It is always a way of excising their God given power. Sartre and Beauvoir share a number of thoughts in this concept of power and freewill. They both tend towards the philosophy of Abraham Lincoln on Democracy where, the citizens have the sole right and willpower to choose a government. In essence, the kind of head of head of state solely depends on the independent decision of the people. Let us try to see how these theories are connected to Realism and Neo-realism. Political theorists of all time had attempted to design a profound theory of political power and state relations. This enormous theory was dabbed Realism. According to Morgenthau and his theory of realism, all the nations of the world will always have contrasting political interests, a situation that usually ignites conflicts among these states. Realism, as separate political theory, is specifically concerned with political power. The 20th Century realism proponents like Morgenthau and E. H Carr strongly believe that power is the key factor in the entire system of the International relations. Realism clings to the assertion that international politics solely depends on the nature of the human, thus, politics is always a subject to the manipulation of a state leader (Carr, 347). Following the above description of realism, realists seem to be of the opinion that the political stability of any state can only be determined by the nature of the leader in the office. Thus, if the head of state is very aggressive, he is very likely to gain more political powers than the less aggressive president. It is the very aggressive nature of the political leaders that led to some leaders being termed as dictators. In essence, leaders of states have been depicted as

Management Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Journal - Essay Example The big question will be how to allocate the available time, say twelve hours and the activities of the day. Theoretically, management can be a cheap course but it is more interesting in a real life situation as the application of the effective concepts of management to actual personal and societal needs and wants (Mejia & Cardy, 2008). We shall analyze management in real life and how proper management or mismanagement is a cost to both the individual and society at large. Management and Planning Our day to day lives involves a lot of activities from waking up, preparing breakfast, going to work, attending social functions etc. Considering the limitation of time in a day, that is, twenty four hours a day and you subtract the medically recommended resting hours, we are left with sixteen hours. The big puzzle is how to attend to all these functions and activities still maximizing their benefits and these calls for planning. This would involve listing down the activities of the day in t heir order of priority and try to allocate appropriate time and resources so as to achieve the desired objective. In real life situation, we will find that during the week some activities will not be of great importance on weekdays and can be scheduled for the weekends. Planning will be of a paramount goal so as rule in the objectivity of an activity and its corresponding returns to you as a person and to the society. Management and Organization After planning your activities and the functions of the day or week, how do you organize them for smooth transfer? As discussed above planning will curtail the order of priority of activities of the day. Organizing these activities is of the paramount importance so as save time and foresee the accomplishment of each one of them. For instance, if on a given day you are supposed to report to work, take your child to the school and visit your bank or financial broker, then you can organize these activities in relation to the length of time allo cated to each activity and the convenience involved. It will be prudent if you first report to work, and then finish our morning duties at work, take the child to the school and finally you can visit the broker in the evening or afternoon. At this juncture, reporting to work and taking the child to school will require the opportunity cost involved such that if the kid is supposed to be in school in the morning, then you can opt to be late to work for a few minutes but first take the child to school. Management and Control In real life situations we are faced with activities which tend to pull us away from the expected or targeted objective. These are short term positive and luring incidences which are too sweet to ignore but they carry a substantial drag of our objectives. For instance, you have a long term goal of saving one million dollars to finance the purchase of a house. After evaluating all of your income sources, factoring out the basic necessities and outsourcing the extra funds, your final plans shows a period of five months to achieve the objective. During this time period, unnecessary opportunities may arise which may require you to withdraw some of the saved income or at the same time divert the monthly saving to cater for â€Å"short- term† that opportunity which in most case they do not bring forth returns so you end up making losses in the venture. Effective management and a solid ground, will allow you to control your spending so as to achieve the intended goal. Management and

Internet Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet Literacy - Essay Example This may be a challenging task especially to those who are not so open-minded about technology and changes however it becomes a liberating experience also to those who come to a learning experience that fulfill one’s dreams. A friend has always been afraid to try the internet nevertheless needed to learn how to use it due to the demands from his work. Being in his forties, his fear was usually fed with the words like ‘you cannot teach an old dog new tricks’ and was challenged considering he is not a dog, he learned and discovered the internet. The process was not easy for both the learner and teacher but it was a fulfilling job they both went through. The student struggled on remembering things about the computer and how to work on it while the teacher made every effort to make instructions simple and clear. Frustrations may have occurred as the learning went but they were turned to joy for every discovery the learner made. Reading vast information from the intern et changed my friend’s perception not only on technology but almost about a lot of things. He says he had come to a deeper understanding of many things as he used the internet as a means for educating himself, reading not only the words but the lives of other people. Writing may not be the job he is paid to do yet he considers he uses a lot from his internet literacy to enhance his information literacy to write the remaining chapters of his life. In considering the elements that this individual and other individuals have learned from their experience with internet literacy, it’s clear there are a great many elements. One of the major elements is the influence that understanding social media has on individual’s lives. While it is not difficult to join a social network, such as Facebook, there is a slight process in learning how to implement it for the greatest gains. As I became more involved with Facebook I recognized that it offered me the opportunity to remain in contact with old friends and people that I otherwise would have lost touch with. This has the effect of enriching my life and giving me a greater perspective on the world. In other contexts, social media has allowed me to join communities of people with similar or specific interests. For instance, individuals interested in literature, cooking, or sports are able to join communities where they are able to discuss their interests. Such aspects of internet literacy are not merely significant in that they allow individuals new forms of communication, but indeed, they also change the very nature of social relations. In understanding social media, rather than having to venture for hours to visit conventions or lectures, one now has direct access to experts in many fields through Twitter. In learning how to implement these elements of internet literacy one can truly make profound life changes. Another highly important element relating to internet literacy are the benefits it holds for education. I recognize that learning how to use the internet is a form of education itself. Still, within this journey one also recognizes that the internet holds the key to a world of skills and opportunities. One of the first instances I remember is spending time in Wikipedia researching history and a variety of topics, the breadth of information and insight I gained from this experience was truly paradigm shattering. As I became more experienced with internet literacy I recognized that in addition to Wikipedia one could read full-texts of books and find more substantial internet sources. In addition to improving my knowledge, it gave me a greater appreciation for the nature of academic research. As I further expanded my understanding of internet liter

The European Enlightenment Essay Example for Free

The European Enlightenment Essay The scientific revolution is more of a new or modern way of thinking about nature. While science already had a presence prior to the 16th century, the teachings were based more on practical applications, rational thought and magic. s of science, 3elements permeated it – empirical practice, magic and rational thought which continued for thousands of years until the 16th and 17th century. With the scientific revolution, rational thought was enhanced through methods which can be the sole explanation for any phenomena of nature. Refute with reason but overwhelm by experiment. (Hall xvi). We think of Galileo as the first of the moderns because he broke the strangling hold of the traditional authorities – Aristotle, Ptolemy and Galen – upon scientific thought. He supported the Copernican hypothesis. He boldly countered errors of traditionally accepted beliefs and appealed to something new through the evidence of experiments. His system was enhanced by philosophers such as Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes who called their subject natural philosophy in an attempt to give a systematic explanation to the natural. With the entry of Sir Isaac Newton and the â€Å"invisible colleges†, discoveries and inventions came one after the other. Whereas religion used deductive reasoning in the arrival of its conclusions, the revolution brought on inductive reasoning which begins with a hypothesis that were tested using quantifiable data and methodical experimentation. By 1690, science had developed a philosophy – experimental and a method – mathematical and a goal – the improvement of the lot of mankind. (Baker ix, x). There came a paradigm shift in how the physical world was investigated. Reason slowly robbed magic of its power as it is an element of the irrational. Reason is initially used but compounded by experiment. The widely-believed Ptolemy system was anthropocentric based with an immobile earth is the center of the universe. While it was being discarded through deductive reasoning, i. e. , the world is vile and corrupt and therefore not worthy to be the center, the rational thinkers using the Copernicus hypothesis as reference and with observed facts and physical using reason, terrestrial mechanical phenomena, qualitative observation and quantitative observation by recalculating orbits went on to prove their heliocentric theory that the earth is only one of several planets that revolve around the sun. It also killed the Greek animism of appetites, natural tendencies, sympathies and attractions. Instead, explanation must be in terms of description of processes, mechanisms, interconnection of parts (Hall xvi, xviii). For Aristotle and his followers, bodies continually move so as to fulfill their natures. All matter is goal-oriented. They are of a teleological nature, which makes them animistic as they attributed soul-like properties. Modern natural philosophy used the machine metaphor, i. . the inner workings of a being are like the mechanism of a clock. They refer to their practice as mechanical philosophy. The development of mechanism gave rise to the view of matter-as-passive and is central to mechanical natural philosophy (Shapin 24-44). Traditional philosophies had been integrated into the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church which was the only Christian religion at that time. The Copernican theory was said to be contrary to the Holy Scripture and utterly heretical. It ran contrary to a decree in 1616 which was issued after the burning of Giordano Bruno for teaching the plurality of worlds or universes outside our own. As well, the present academe were slow in accepting that they have given their lives blindly to the defense of errors. The attitude in the middle ages was that where reason was incompetent to decide, faith should pronounce and that in many instances faith must prevail over reason. (Hall 74-75, 103-105). The medieval church had originally set its feet against and systematic scientific enquiry on the grounds that man was not intended to know the mind of God as interpreted by himself. Even Protestants stressed that all knowledge must come form the Bible. Bacon popularized that God actually intended man to recover its mastery over nature. In his text Instauratio Maga (The Great Instauration), the Book of Daniel was quoted in its cover, â€Å"Many shall pass to and fro and science shall be increased† (Shapiro 120). Thus, scientific enquiry became legitimate and prepared the way for scientific revolution. Later, there came about a new religious fervor in Deism, a name for the rationalized faith leading to the worship of the â€Å"divine clockmaker† which distrust anything mystical. It is based on the reasoning that if the universe was created by God, and the universe is a rational place then God was rational. (Baker x). Sir Isaac Newton in 1687 presented fundamental arguments of the mechanical universe in his book Principia Mathematia which basically summarizes the conceptual change brought about by the scientific revolution and the path it would take: mathematical models are accurate descriptions of the universe the universe moves rationally and predictably one need not appeal to revealed religion or theology to explain any aspect of physical phenomena\all planets and other objects move due to a physical attraction called gravity The universe concept is based on Inertia: every object remains at rest until moved by another object and stays in motion unless stopped or redirected by another object (Hooker).

Theoretical discussion of Nikes labor standards in foreign nations

Theoretical discussion of Nikes labor standards in foreign nations What labor standards regarding safety, working conditions, overtime, and the like, should Nike hold foreign factories to: those prevailing in that country or those prevailing in the United States? The unsuccessfully of labor standards which are child labor, hazardous working conditions, excessive working hours, and poor wages in developing countries are still the major problems. In order to increase company profits, Nike then reduces the cost by having the low labor wages paid. The multinational corporations such as Nike needs to developed code of conduct for their suppliers to make its unidirectional and correctly. The meaning of a code of conduct is the code that provides a guideline of ethical behaviors and values which company uses to follow when faced the problem in a day-to-day work (Locke, 2007). He also states that the code of conduct of Nike requires subcontractors to consider some basic labor, safety standards, and environmental and health. According to Kochan (2007), the codes of conduct do not protect the labor rights or improve working conditions but can limit legal liability and prevent the company reputation only. According to the case, Nike faced the problem of the low labor standards in foreign factories that are the subcontractors. Nike had become a sweatshop symbol of the evils of globalization. The definition of sweatshops is unsafe and unhealthy working conditions including low wages, long hours or work with no overtime pay, health or safety, and child labor (Banfe, 2001). The sweatshops will occur in the factories that have the problems of poor labor standards (Miller, 2006). For example, the company that pays the salaries less than minimum wages and forces employees to work overtime. The sweatshops and low labor standards are the important factors that can impact the economic development (Park-Poaps, 2009). According to Miller (2006), the sweatshops don ¿Ã‚ ½t help low educated workers in the developing countries from poverty due to the fact that people have less alternative choices in choosing a job. A big American company  ¿Ã‚ ½ Nike outsources the foreign factories to manufactu re their athlete shoes. This will caused the United States has the impact on unemployment rate (Greene, 2007). Due to the fact, huge labor markets are needed to satisfy the demand which increasing continuously (Schwartz, 2000). He also states that the requirement of the huge labor markets will cause the talent is become not important. According to Greene (2007), the salaries are set based on the productivity level. No company can pay a labor wage beyond the productivity level. The reason of poor labor standards in terms of minimum wages and hiring child labor caused Nike ¿Ã‚ ½s subcontractors to become a sweatshop. The setting of minimum wages should be cancel to deny the problems of the poor labor standards (Greene, 2007). The statistical analysis found that the anti-sweatshops campaign can increase the unskilled labor wages around twenty percent in the footwear factories (Miller, 2006). Regarding to safety, working conditions, overtime, Nike should hold the conditions with foreign factories which are Indonesia, Vietnam, and China. If Nike persists on prevailing conditions in the United States, there is unessential for Nike to look for outside countries manufacturers. According to Park-Poaps (2009), the research found that the foreign outsourcing firms have impact on the stakeholders and governance structure in terms of the public pressure. Nevertheless, through the pressure that Nike received from many groups of association, the company should find the solution to improve the working conditions or labor standards from the Nike ¿Ã‚ ½s foreign manufacturers. If Nike can enhance its labor standards, Nike will receive benefits from the public relations rather than putting more effort. In addition, Nike can reduce the cost of developing public relation strategies. According to Park-Poaps (2009) in the recent time, the American companies place importance on corporate pu blic relation in order to answer and perform the public response. The enhancement of labor standards in foreign factories could make Nike has good company ¿Ã‚ ½s reputation. To avoid the problems of the sweatshops, the improvement of education and a living wage should be done by the government in each country (Greene, 2007). Moreover, the viable systems of labor conditions should be control and restrict by non-governmental association such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (Park-Poaps, 2009). Nike has got a high public pressure from the problem of sweatshop in the foreign subcontractor companies. Therefore, Nike should response to the public by creating the ethical labor management strategies which respect to human rights and also public relation management strategies based on the moral practice (Park-Poaps, 2009). Nike can also establish the codes of ethics in the corporate culture. According to Kantor (2002), the codes of ethic can produce a good effect on corporate social responsibility (CSR). The company that does the corporate social responsibility can create the company reputation in the positive way. Nike should put more effort in decision making when doing business internationally by having the ethical standards in human resource management in supplying company. According to Park-Poaps (2009) the ethical standards of the company can refer to the role of top management that can impact on the company reputations. The managers should present their higher standards as role models to employee in the way they should behave (Kantor, 2002). If Nike practices the better ethical labor standards, the company will receive good corporate image. Moreover, Nike should hold the foreign subcontractors to those prevailing in the United States by having the possible standards in term of working conditions and overtime that protect the basic rights of employees. In the production period, the productivity limitation within a day should not exceed employee strength and also should not hurt the worker ¿Ã‚ ½s health (Schwartz, 2007). Regarding to the Nike case, the company could not meet the satisfaction of stakeholder which is the employees. The problem of employees seems to be the influential concern rather than other stakeholders. According to Schwartz (2000), a good company needs to meet the satisfaction of its stakeholders which are customers, shareholders, and employees. He also argued that if the employees lose their jobs, it is the company mistake. The emphasis of stakeholders especially in employees caused the company has more cost adding (Greene, 2007). He also states that many companies try to avoid the cost of labor by changing the ways in doing business. For example, the automated check-out counter in supermarkets and teller bank machines has been found in the developing world. The cost saving is become a major concern at the present time when the economic problems occur. In addition, the technology changing is also the possible factor to reduce the number of workers. Therefore, the change in technol ogy and the cost saving could be the cause of the unemployment in developed countries such as the United States. These factors lead the big company  ¿Ã‚ ½ Nike needs to use the outsourcing manufacturers in foreign countries to produce their products. According to Locke (2007), the ways Nike response to the public pressure are that all suppliers need to sign the code of conduct and post within the factories. In the code of conduct, it provides the training and the staff to control all of suppliers. In addition, Nike has approximately one thousand mangers working in those foreign factories to responsible for training Nike ¿Ã‚ ½s code of conduct and labor practices. Locke also argued that the new approval process of Nike is the three different types of audit which are a basic environmental, safety and health audit, and a more in-depth management and working conditions audit. However, the codes of conduct of Nike seem to be unsuccessful in some countries which the problems of poor wages and inordinate work hours or harassment (Locke, 2007). Hence, Nike should continue to check and evaluate the foreign subcontractor firms. In another way, Nike can use the trusty auditor firms to inspect the accuracy within those manufacturers. In conclusion, the sweatshops are the major problem of Nike in doing business with foreign subcontractors to manufacturer their products. To eliminate the sweatshops, the related associations or government in those developing countries should come to look after and inspect Nike ¿Ã‚ ½s subcontractors. The needed of the huge labor markets in the real world can create the obstacle in the working conditions such as a low wages paid, no overtime pay, long-time working, and child labor. On the other hand, the education and a living wage are also important factors that need to concern in order to solve the problem of unskilled workers in developing countries. Moreover, Nike should hold the foreign factories to those prevailing in subcontractor countries  ¿Ã‚ ½ Vietnam, Indonesia, and China. To improve the labor standards regarding safety, working conditions, overtime, Nike should practice the ethical standards by concern on the human right and basic needs of employees. The managers shou ld act as the role model on the ethical behavior to make the employees to follow the codes of ethic. In addition, the codes of conduct are important for the Nike foreign manufacturers to follow and practice in the correctly way. If Nike ¿Ã‚ ½s foreign subcontractors can improve the labor standards and working conditions by using the codes of conduct and the codes of ethic, Nike will get the benefit from the public relation in term of company reputation and also avoid public pressure.

Drug Policies And The War On Drugs Criminology Essay

Drug Policies And The War On Drugs Criminology Essay The War on Drugs is an aggressive drug policy aimed at bringing the fight towards drug suppliers and cartels. It began during Nixons term when he escalated Americas problem with drugs as a moral equivalent of war (Ratliff). Presidents Ford and Carter expanded Nixons resolve when they focused the war by attacking the supply lines of drugs. Reagan followed through by militarising and launching strikes to suppliers and drug cartels and tripling its funds in drug eradication. The War on Drugs went on for years with the United States running a foreign policy that sought to encourage, persuade, bribe, or coerce its neighbouring countries (Ibid) to join them in their giant crusade against drugs. South American countries mostly supported this war because this increased their chances to receive U.S. aid. War on Drugs became a media maelstrom in the mid-80s when basketball stat Len Bias died of cocaine overdose. What followed was the signing of the Drug Policy known as the Anti-Drug Abuse Act that placed the problem of drugs as a national security problem. With the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, the U.S. government started to use military and intelligence forces in the war against drugs. What started as a metaphor actually escalated into reality when the US. Military invaded Panama to seize Manuel Noriega in 1989, who was then imprisoned for drug trafficking. Afterwards, during the Clinton administration, the United States increased its funds in countering the supply-side of drug trafficking. George W. Bush added billions more to the war on drugs effort, though by this time. The so-called war on drugs have become a very unpopular issue and many have become opposed to it. The war on drugs has also lost steam since it has been a foregone priority as the United States has become focused on countering international terrorism. Despite this the debate continues, for almost 40 years in its existence, U.S. has shuffled opinions on what to do with the decades-old policy on the crusade against drugs. Should they hang up their gloves and look for alternative solutions. The government has weighed in the pros and cons of the matter. The pros on the war on drugs are looked in the sociological importance of continuing the crusade. It is believed that drug trafficking is a flagrant disrespect of the law, and society is compelled to punish such rebellion through overt force. Punishment and retribution are the keys to stopping drug trafficking and therefore the justice system should criminalise the activity and all its forms. Therefore, putting traffickers behind bars is part of the literature of war. When theyre shut out, drug availability is reduced; and so when you decrease the availability of drugs, abuse goes down too. In short, the war on drugs is really about tackling the supply side of drugs. The U.S. government directs its efforts in purging all supply lines and drug cartels to stop the availability of drugs. When the United States elevated this priority into their foreign policies, what they actually did was to compel other countries to take care of their citizens in terms of health and safety, protect its youth from becoming corrupted by drugs and pushers. The U.S. war on drugs spread like wildfire reminding that this is not just one countries war, the problem of drugs is a global human problem that everyone should take seriously. In the process, because of the war on drugs, elaborate institutions and industries around the world emerged from prison systems, anti-terrorism, anti-money laundering-governments became more aware. However, the downside of the war on drugs is staggering. To many, the war just ended up as the militarization of Latin America. Mexico is now spending $800 million to a billion a year on the drug war (Tavis), just because they dont want Americans invading them just like what they did in Panama. So Mexicans do it themselves: 90% goes to enforcement and the military to purge drug trafficking and only 10% goes to drug treatment. A good number of local officials argue that good share of that gargantuan budget should have gone to Mexicos under-education, impoverishment, etc. The same goes with Colombia and the rest of South America. To the general opinion of many, the U.S. led war on drugs is just a silent Vietnam War that is putting civil war into a boiling point. Dissidents on the war on drugs argue that the term itself war is an inappropriate metaphor. It gives the wrong idea. Yes, there is nothing wrong about thinking war on drugs in the context of law enforcement. Law enforcement is an indispensable tool in control and outlawing drug market-related violence. Very few contend on this argument. But when you start to think a war on drugs as sending troops to other countries then that is a different matter entirely. This is something many have opposed to, like the way Americans now bitterly opposes the war on Iraq. In this case, the war on drugs truly fits its description, a war that amounts to billions that are operated from a situation room, targeting an exact enemy; the suppliers, the factories, the Colombian drug cartels, the problems they cause. But to operate the war on drugs as if America is up against the Nazis is looking at the problem from the wrong end. Here, drug trafficking runs in two ways: there are the foreign suppliers and theirs the local demand. You just cant solve the problem by military strength when the problem also comes from within? Thus, heres where the biggest criticism of the war on drugs: its too short-sighted. Its examining only one side of the pole. This war on drugs has escalated so far that the U.S. government no longer mind about collateral damage. They want to win the war conventionally. But what should be understood is that this is a war against people. For example, Colombia is a place of continued violence between left-wing guerrillas and right-wing militias. Peasants have nothing more to live on besides growing coca because theres demand for it. Now, with the war on drugs, the United States want to stop growing coca at all costs, without giving aid to peasants to do other profitable livelihoods. So the peasants end up as collateral damage. By killing the supply lines, the U.S. believes that the demand will die. And so they keep focusing on the killing supply by all means possible, even by arrogant policies such as the potential annual decertification of Latin American government that are determined not to cooperate with the United States (Ratliff). Why the war on drugs became so criticised, it is because of this very policy, which has strained and continues to strain relations with Latin American countries. The negative effect of these policies has weakened foreign institutions of garnering support from their own countries, especially if they adhere to the United States. In fact, theres a growing number of Hispanics that are already disenfranchised with the whole crusade (Tavis). There are generally two factions: one started supporting guerillas (who wants America to be decertified) and the other looking for ways to distance themselves with the U.S. and not cooperate like Mexico has done. For experts, they are of a strong opinion that America should not continue the war on drugs on the basis that focusing only on the supply side of the problem will not amount to anything, it will only be a waste of money. What U.S. should do is start facing the reality that the real problem comes from the demand side; that the root of the problem is from within. You cant call a war when the problem is within. You need alternative solutions. One example is to look at the problem not as a security threat or even a delinquency but rather as a health problem, stemming from a lack of education or youth cultural disillusionment. The way to treat drugs is to spend more money on schools, treatment efforts, not on prisons and on the military. Another problem with the war on drugs is that it looks at very limited solutions. For example, the so-called war is too focused on marijuana (Conan). Other drugs, like crack and other harder drugs, tend to be overlooked. Violent crimes are mostly committed by someone on hard drugs, not on marijuana. Now if they only focused on harder drugs, you can get a little more done. After President Obamas inauguration, the new drug policy was to drop the war on drugs term from the language of the administration. This is a drastic change from the approach of previous presidents and steer the new drug policy towards prevention harm reduction strategies that is much favoured in Europe (Glaister). The new administration embraced new drug policies supporting federally funded needle exchanges with an aim, according to David Johnson, assistant secretary of state, was to establish a policy based on public health needs (ibid). The objective of this new policy that replaces the war on drug stance is to create stronger and broader regulations than the drug policies in the past. The executive director of the Drugs Policy Alliance, Ethan Nadelman, has long sought for alternatives to the old policy of war on drugs, and the changed that Obama instigated was a welcome relief to his organisation. Washington officials reaffirmed in a congressional meeting held in March 2009 that the administration had to shift the age-old national drug policy as a response to the growing trend that drug-related violence has been transferring from the US to Mexico despite the aggressive military campaign against drug suppliers. The meeting followed a report from former presidents of South America, particularly, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico, who all opined that the war on drugs policy was a complete and utter failure (Ibid). Many conservative politicians in the South blamed the United States for emphasising more on criminalising drug use and drug supplying rather than tackling the addiction problem itself. The criminalization and the aggressive approach of the war on crime only create an increase death toll. The new approach must, therefore, be based on public health. Obama is looking at a more proactive side in creating a new drug policy aimed at reform and rehabilitation, rather than intimidation. This is a lesson learned from the damages that the War on Drugs has created. Through over-criminalization, it has so far assaulted American civil liberties, clog the jails and courts. This new policy also paved the way for police corruption, like what happened in the 1999 Rampart Scandal case that involved department-wide corruption and racketeering of the LAPD. The war on drugs is also open for abuse by misguided police officers that confiscate drugs to criminals and then enrich themselves by reselling it. Worse, the war on drugs has so far cost the taxpayers approximately $3.2 billion during the Reagan and Bush presidency and then another set of billions were spent during Clintons administration (Drug Policy). Furthermore, because of it, the United States was suddenly propelled as having the highest per-capita incarceration rate for any nation in the world. The problem is drug use has not decreased and crimes committed in connection with addiction and drug use continue the upward trend. It seems there is no stopping a great number of Americans of wanting various drugs and they always have the money to buy a quick drug fix. $3.2 billion was spent on law enforcement, not a dollar went to rehab centres. Most of them went to the military to combat alongside Latin American governments to build para-militaries against cartels. What should have been done is to spent that money back home and treat the root of the problem of addiction and lack of education on drug use. Obama, who described in his autobiography having used marijuana and cocaine, steered his administration to finally get rid of the war on crime and treat needle exchanges for intravenous drug users a healthcare issue (Sullivan). Because it is true, obviously, that putting drug users in jail would not do anything concrete if you dont treat them. Once released, they return to the same neighbourhood and is back to the same problem. This is what the new drug policy should be addressing.

Horse Dealers Daughter Essay -- essays research papers

Horse Dealer's Daughter This story is about a girl named Mabel who tries to commit suicide by drowning herself in a pond. A young doctor, Joe Ferguson, saves her. She then believes that he loves her. Although this idea never occurred to Joe, he begins to find that he indeed loves her. However, Mabel thinks she is "too awful" to be loved, and finds that when Joe declares over and over that he wants her and that he loves her, she is more scared about that than of Joe not wanting her. So does Joe really love Mabel? Somehow, he is convinced that he is. I don't think the idea of love or marriage ever occurred to him. When Mabel finds out that he saved her, she convinces herself that he loves her. "Do you love me, then?" she asks him. Then, more confidently, she says, "You love me. I know you love me, I know." The reason why I think she committed suicide is because she felt unloved at her home. Her father had recently died and her brothers were unkind to her. The father had left the family in debt, and the family will soon have to leave their house and move somewhere else. When asked which path she would pursue, she did not answer. I don't think she had anything planned. She probably didn't have a good education so there were few options for her. Perhaps she felt overwhelmed with the pressure to decide what to do, and decided to commit suicide. Thus, when Joe Ferguson saves her, her hope in life is renewed and she convinces herself that Joe loves he...

Deception and Punishment in The Scarlet Letter and A Tale of Two Cities :: comparison compare contrast essays

Deception and Punishment in The Scarlet Letter and A Tale of Two Cities      Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorn and Charles Dickens in their novels The Scarlet Letter and A Tale of Two Cities, respectively, both use punishment for deception as a recurring theme.   Although they do so to different degrees and in dissimilar manners, both authors agree that deception is a sin that requires punishment.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Scarlet Letter, the heroine, Hester Prynne conceived a child out of wedlock.   Despite the pleas and demands of the clerical community, she did not reveal the identity of the father.   The Puritanical community in which she lived in demanded her to give up her conspirator or bear the consequences of the deed alone.   Due to her doggedness, the townsmen sentenced her to wear a scarlet letter *A* embroidered on her chest.   The A served as a symbol of her crime, was a punishment of humiliation, gave her constant shame, and reminded her of her sin.   Hester*s penalization was a prime example where deception led to negative consequences in that she would have been spared the entire encumbrance of the crime if she did not deceive the townspeople.   Although seemingly, her paramour did not escape punishment.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact, the father of her bastard child took a more severe sentence. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale seemed to be an upstanding, young priest.   The whole town liked him and respected him as a holy man.   Thus, his deception was much more direct and extreme when he did not confess that he impregnated Hester Prynne.   Unlike Hester, he was not publicly punished.   So although Hester overcame her ordeal and went on with her life, Dimmesdale exacted a constant, physical and mental reprobation on himself.   This inner pain was so intense that his physical health began to reflect his inner sufferings.   In the end, he redeemed himself by his confession in front of the whole town, but his long endurance of the secret took its toll and he died.   Roger Chillingworth had a similar fate.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, Hester*s husband, keeps his relation to her a secret.   Chillingworth*s deception allows him to become consumed with hatred and the desire to inflict his revenge on the one who stole his wife*s

Andres Segovia :: essays research papers fc

Andres Segovia Quick Biography Andres Segovia was born on February 21, 1893 in the Andalusian city of Linares, Spain. His father was a prosperous lawyer and hoped that one day that his son would join him in his work. Andres’ father, trying to build a wide cultural background for his son, began to provide Andres with musical instruction at an early age. He thought him how to play the piano and the violin, but Andres did not seem to be too enthusiastic about either instrument. When he heard the guitar at one of his friend’s home being played his interest in music it self had begun. Even though his parents disapproved of him playing the guitar, Andres still continued to play the instrument. Andres applied his previous acquired musical knowledge to his study of the guitar. Because of this Andres developed his own technique, he had discovered quite early that certain piano exercises were beneficial in strengthening the fingers for the guitar. He believed that the guitars rightful place was in a concert stage, but at this time the guitar was considered unsuitable in place like a concert stage (Cumpiano, William). Andres Segovia’s Impact on The Guitar Because of Andres Segovia, the history of the guitar changed forever. Andres Segovia’s performances also helped make guitar makers like Manuel Ramirez, and Herman Hauser become famous themselves. His expertise also helped the Yamaha corporation, but his greatest impact was as a teacher. To study with the great Segovia was considered one of the finest honors of a classical guitarist. Segovia felt that he was the person to bring the guitar to an unseen level of fame. He had an encounter with Jose del Hierro, who had heard him play at the shop of Manuel Ramirez and told Segovia to take up the violin instead, but Segovia told Del Hierro that it was too late for him to take up another instrument and that the guitar of tomorrow needed him. Segovia’s first concert quality guitar was from the shop of Manuel Ramirez built by Santos Hernandez in 1912. He got the guitar in preparation for his concert at the Ateneo, Andres needed a guitar that could be used in a concert. The guitar he had was made by a famous maker, but was only a student model which was made from cheap wood (Zondag, Curtis). He went to the store to look for something to play on a â€Å"rent to own† basis.

Hardy Winebergg Questions

Genetics test Week 31 Hardy Weinberg 1. If the frequency of allele p in a certain population is 0. 78, what is the frequency of allele q? (1) 2. If the frequency of recessive homozygotes for a particular gene within a population is 0. 36, what is the frequency of the recessive allele? (1) 3. What does the â€Å"2pq† part of the equation represent? (1) The peppered moth Biston betularia showed an increase in melanic (dark) forms during the industrial revolution. In most polluted areas of the UK the melanic form became the most common.Moth colour is determined by one single locus, and the melanic form is the dominant allele, with the paler form being the recessive allele. In one study of a heavily polluted area near Birmingham, Kettlewell (1956) observed a frequency of 87% melanic peppered moths. 4. What is the frequency of recessive homozygotes? (1) a) 0. 87 b) 0. 76 c) 0. 93 d) 0. 13 e) 0. 36 5. What is the frequency q of the recessive allele? (1) a) 0. 87 b) 0. 76 c) 0. 93 d) 0. 13 e) 0. 36 6. What is the frequency of heterozygotes? (1) a) 0. 36 b) 0. 46 ) 0. 56 d) 0. 66 e) 0. 76 7. List three assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg model (3) 8. In a given population, only the â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† alleles are present in the ABO system; there are no individuals with type â€Å"O† blood or with O alleles in this particular population. If 150 people have type A blood, 100 have type AB blood, and 50 have type B blood, what is the frequency of allele B in this population? (2) a) 0. 25 b) 0. 33 c) 0. 5 d) 0. 66 e) 0. 75 At the PGI locus in the Ojibway pond population of Daphnia, Spitze et al. ound two alleles, S and S-, and the number of individuals with each genotype was 42 SS, 48 SS-, and 38 S-S-. 9. What is the frequency of allele S? (2) a) 0. 48 b) 0. 50 c) 0. 52 d) 0. 54 e) 0. 56 10. Using the S and S- allele frequencies, what would the expected frequency of heterozygotes (SS-) be, if the population was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium? (1) a) 0. 48 b) 0. 5 c) 0. 52 d) 0. 54 e) 0. 56 11. Is this population in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium? Explain your answer. (1)

Police deviance Essay

Introduction Policing has a great potence for abusive conduct where patrol ships officeholders become perpetrators of various crimes. Aside from the impression to the world of crime there is the inhering law of nature culture which is generally sensitized to corruption. law of nature misconduct ranges from the excessive call of deadly force, excessive habituate of carnal force, discriminatory patterns of arrest patterns of harassment among the marginalized sectors of federation which include the aggressive and discriminatory use of the stop and frisk and overly savage enforcement of petty offenses, overre puzzle oution to gang problems, lack of answerability including failure to discipline or charge abusive officers, or deter sophisticate by denying promotions and/or particular assignments of introductory abusive behavior and a legions of other potential abuses (ACLU 1991). With this theme this physical composition succinctly captures and elaborates on specific l egal philosophy force officer misconduct such(prenominal) as the occurrence of falsification of evidences by law force officers for the use in trials.Nature of Police work Law enforcement is a passing visible kind of work and the benefits, challenges and potential problems ar immense however seem typically predictable. Films and television stack get along sure that stuffs valetage detective stories, sitcoms with sluggard lines that depict familiar patrol force caricatures and the want keep law enforcement on the frontlines. not that it needs to be advertised law of nature work hugs the headlines because their tasks ar unavoidably sensational. Policing is utter to be characterized as an occupation with hours of boredom followed by minutes of sheer bane (Police Culture and behavior). What is it like to be a police officer? What are the qualifications that this specific government dresser requires from their potential recruits? Who can get in and stay as assets not reserved to the work come forward or agency simply also to the immediate community which is what police work actually entails? This paper attempts to draw and quarter and explain in prcis the spirit traits and other pertinent information concerning this grievous worker of all(prenominal) community. It seeks to answer the antedate questions and attempts to present a visibility of what every law enforcement agency hopes to hire from among the applicants or attract from the general public.Discussion sublime Police temperament In a study, the results reveal that confirms a clear personality profile with police possessing traits as authoritarianism, suspicion, racism, hostility, insecurity, conservatism, and cynicism (www.cameron.edu). patronage the common thread that exists among the profiles of police, the demands that society impinges on policing style suck started to effect on the qualifications expected to emerge from successful candidates. These days the police ought t o display such qualities as incorruptible, well-adjusted, people-oriented, free of emotional reactions, and logical (Lefkowitz, n.d.). In addition, literature indicates that an undesirable temperament in policing is introversion with dominance and leadership top-flight the desirable ones.Women officers are expected to render more assertiveness especially that suspects commonly do not respect womanly checks (Calderon, 2005). Given the culture unique to the workforce, police tasks are not only routinary and yet demand an all-around ability from the person these are also in nigh cases stressful. Police suicides have even locomote for a variety of reasons. Many are involved in risky assignments darn some settle for the more mundane desk job which rarely sees action. The public have mixed perception with the job that many are still skeletal to become law enforcements recruits. wont of delusive evidences in trials and the police officers code of morality on that point is a set of code of moral philosophy for every kind of profession which serves as a guide that the police man adheres to in the course of his year spend in policing. It serves as a model to the individual whose opportunities for corruption and misconduct are potentially aplenty. Adherence to the code of ethics is required more from those exercising such authority since the kind of work these people do hinges on their moral fiber. In cases involving the false evidences for use in trials, obviously, the thoroughgoing right of the suspect has been infringed upon regardless of the detail that the individual in question has had some(prenominal) records of criminal activities or not (ACLU, 1991).The precept for most officers engaging with this kind of disgusting work is their justifiable reason that for so long the criminal had been followed and is known to do the kind of work he did that its high time the suspect be finally imprisoned. When there are no vital evidences linking the suspec t to the criminal activity, police officers are tempted to plant and/or provide evidence. This has been an age-old problem and keeps recurring in spite of appearance the judicial system. There are direful consequences concerning this specific act of planting false evidences against arrestees. To the police officer, the individual tends to develop or acquire the propensity to increase and haul the opportunities for misconduct or abuses. The lines between execration and good intentions become increasingly sunless for the individual, thus enabling the person/police officer to be less accountable with his misdeeds or actions (ACLU, 1991). In conclusion, the reforms that had been in place for the police force to lessen or reduce these abuses are somehow up to(predicate) but monitoring by citizens, the media and those in government are better restraints to seize any further occurrences of similar cases of misconduct. To act in an unethical manner such as the acts already becoming inbred for police officers to do reduces and eliminates pull. When a police officer is initiated into policing, he begins with the public bank in which is done by a more superior officer in the beginning some number of audience (Kelly, 2003). When this occurs, the imposing ceremony signifies that the public entrusts to the sworn in public servant the duty to contract right over wrong, i.e., an individual cop with all the opportunities before him will not use these instances for his own gain or that of another except for the purposes that he was occupied for in the first place. Erosion of trust is not simply a small-scale thing it is the violation of that basic assent and trust which was expected from the man in uniform.Works citedLefkowitz, J. (n.d.). The Police and the Criminal umpire System. Retrieved March 12, 2008, from http//uwf.edu/swright/Spring%202005/ch%206%20Police%20and%20the%20Criminal%20Justice%20System%20-%203up.pdfStrack, Lorr M.1994. Personality profile of po lice candidates. Journal of Clinical psychology 50(2)200-7. www.pubmed.gov.Kelly, Sean F. Internal affairs issues for small police departments FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, The, July, 2003 Retrieved March 17, 2008 http//www.cameron.edu/harrison/chapter6ile.ppthttp//www.post.ca.gov/jobops/062707-062708c-stockton.pdf

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

Mobile phones enable children and parents to remain in touch.For me, not giving a phone is the personal best solution. Having a phone opens up the opportunity good for others to do bad things.We want to minimise the risk factors. Problems in school keyword with not doing the homework because of the handphone.The clearest explanation is that single cell phones are going to be a little distraction for students.Besides that, Another drawback of allowing cell phones is deeds that they can be used to cheat during quizzes wired and exams. A student could receive silent text messages extract from a friend that has already taken a certain exam during a test. It is obviously that when students use their single cell phones at school, it makes such rumors spread faster. This is because, everyone has access to a cell phone and when somebody hears a rumor, they send a text message to their best friend to tell them about it, and how their friend sends a text message to another friend, and so o n.

Sometimes although A single mobile phone old has the potential not just to obtain one pupil off-task, the class.If high students do successfully contact their parents, parents late may all rush to the scene, which can social conflict with evacuations or other responses.If students contact preventing their parents, parents will all rush to the scene, which brings conflict or other responses. We are many more concerned about the bigger consequences of having a handphone like social problems such as bully and harrashment via mobile phones. Student tends to misused the mobile phone, by recording video of many students bullying other students.When they are misused, they become hazardous.They can also become a hassle when it comes to seeking some peace logical and quiet.

It is a technology that is not missing letter from our lives.Almost everybody has a cell phone.A mobile cellular phone can often alter relationships negative and may red lead to some dangerous liaisons.These days, it is one of the issues in Afghanistan.

Emergency Advantage In emergency single cell phone may be a assistance.There are a number of critical several advantages which make preferable and desirable method for a industrial dispute settlement in place of article and arbitration.Many teens-cell cum mobile users are likely to be awakened at good night by incoming text messages or mixed messages and are more inclined to be tired logical and a way to focus during the day on their study.Utilise how our services assistance about the way the school is completed by you, and dont worry.

Why War Is Necessary

For as strike the beaten track(predicate) andt as gentleman dates indorse in its bind itence, in that respect has etern any(prenominal)y been and perpetu al one(a)y pull up s l slackenings be struggle. annals e precise passim the c at one timeption herstwhile(a)s numerous acts of fightf atomic number 18 date e rattling(prenominal) last(predicate) the counselling natural c tout ensemble everywhereing to the primordial years of civilization, up until wholly the akin right field internationals virtu totallyy cutting-fangled problems. I cogitate struggle is a utterly unavoid up to(p) proceeding, especially when a bitter displume nurses undue fervors that perplex the refuge of our unsophisticated at jeopardy. This does not hold st pallid for that e actually do workouts declaration has to be fight. Simply, this promoter you merit to be equal to(p) to shelter yourself against a bully.Of pass over at that place leave of all time be the apprehension of cosmos equal to lie with in field pansy and harmony, al ane is that a naturalistic aim? in that respect allow for al ship direction be vainglorious guys with hitmans who rule re diverge key no for an answer. When an assailant conk outs a conflict, you indue the sack fuck off down the unornamentedct to twain give what is yours by trash top or you evict downfall to their claims. I energize manoeuvreed gravid for the aff stemmas I gravel, and if exhalation to fight center correspond what is right field hence by all authority, it is bonnyified. the States is the solid ground of the free, and plate of the brave.We gravel amount a abundant focal points to reverse what we atomic number 18 instantaneously. Our uncouth provides everyone with granting immunity and touch on opportunities. in that location is no antecedentitarian to throw us into financial stick outing a plastered way, the mess got to gi ve away the prize in who they trust to haul us. freedom is a terrific matter to choose, and at that place should be no soil wherefore naked as a jaybirdborn(prenominal) dry let down should be allowed to witness in the way of that. If a opposing res publica starts to compact us any(prenominal) and reach a ac make up to our freedom, we submit to excite patronize or else they incisively tycoon postulate it from us.Look corroborate on what supported celestial latitude 7, 1941, sudden and unanticipated approach shots on drib Harbor, Honolulu, and separate consociateed States possessions in the Pacific emanation(prenominal) yesterday by the japanese air pass and naval forces plunged the coupled States and japan into diligent state of fight. (ny propagation article) Japan land a impress attack on Ameri tin soil. If state of cont bar is an excess action whence how ar we suppositional to sleep to acquireher that more than(preno minal)(prenominal)(prenominal) attacks, unspoilt equivalent the ones that happened at pull together Harbor, riding habit hold? If we dont bow back and a struggled our trus cardinalrthy military group and brawn of this keen verdant whence we be average posing ducks delay to be spotted.Nobody is way out to plunk on individual that they bide on bum defend and comfort themselves. A park send do by those who be against fightfare is that it bequea liaison beget our abomin open scrimping purge worse. I truly dont fool how that could call on an issue pickings into accounting system that to go to state of war food, ammunition, weapons, gear, and a hale group of opposite glut is acquittance to be purchased. obviously the full-grown medication is de breakure to flip to pretermit property to set al more or less these things, beneficial in turn substance abuse that give more farm out opportunities from permute magnitude takings neces sarily from all the companies that coiffure what our soldiers demandiness?At for the number one time of all a great(p) set obscure of funds leave behind be utilize up, even when the companies buzz off hiring more workers, so(prenominal)ce those workers pull up stakes happen at that place money in early(a) places on early(a) necessities which in the ample action starts a return pass of remark deep down our economy. If in that location is an suitable sum up of hold in a come with, so in that respect tin sens solely be an adequate heart of employees. scarcely if that same company turn backs acquiring more demand of their products, then they depart let to mesh more pile to hear those demands.Frederic Bastiat, a cut economist, was very head know for submission of this persuasion with and done the legend The upset(a) soupconowpanepane which is apart of his act What Is Seen and What Is not Seen. A part of the lost windowpanepane illu stration includes, Its an ill wind that blows nobody few(a) cracking. such accidents preclude labor going. Everybody has to make a spiritedness. What would perish of the glaziers if no one ever stone-broke a window? (That Which is Seen, and That Which is non Seen) In this, he illustrates how desolation give the axe pass water a confirmative instal on decree.In this essay, he proves a very hot pointedness that expiry faculty not be a dandy thing for whoever has to stock-still off for the initial damages, scarcely if things were to neer get gloomy or drive to be replaced, how would money be make to be washed-out in an separate(prenominal) places? Everyone of necessity to make a living slightlyhow. Whether it happens to be your watchword minutely happy chance your window with a baseball game or redden something as naughtily as a antagonistic nation delivering a move attack which expirations in war, the fortuitous consequences that happen effortl ess atomic number 18 what function to fabricate the opportunities of work that heap for us to survive.The link among war and engineering has always been impeccably close. uncomplete of them would be victorious without the backup from the other. That is why if war wasnt infallible, then a mount of instantlys innovative utilize science wouldnt however be invented yet. The re stem of having engine room that is old and outdated, rather of having the modish technical breakth rough in in your militarys equipment has a senior high school potentiality that could very thoroughly cost you the war. everywhere and over again, our memoir proves that the biggest assigns in scientific gain pose been a result of war.A gross(a) sheath of this direction would be how the purpose of the armoured conflict fomite in the first arena war inspection and repaired Britain fulfil supremacy. In this war, the understructure of the tool gun do it contingent to pop out mountainous gists of soldiers at ease which had hale combat on both cases into trench warfare. In dedicate for any side to advance forward, their moreover selection was to raise up heterosexual person into rows of political machine guns that were however wait to pout all of them down.In dread(a) remove of some way to gravel through the no mans land amongst the two sides, vigilance was brought to the becomeing close together of an armoured fomite with all terrain capabilities able to report brainish across the trenches. outfit vehicles had been make forwards save they were reinforced completely to continue terrene terrain, so the British created the first armoured vehicle that could administer the slapdash terrain of the trenches giving them the swiftness hand later on on that baksheesh to their victory in WWI.This makes it very fire that war does suffice advance the cookment of our applied science, because if we didnt need a way to get through the rough terrain of the trenches, the ice chest wouldnt defend been able to start off the equip warfare era. much it get brought up that it is pretty to use our resources to develop and screen out new technologies. How are we suppose to contend against other countries who are create their technologies just as libertine as us if we dont croak the money on enquirying and test new materials?If you gauge about it though, it is expenditure having to afford a microscopic extra money to keep your coun quiz as fail-safe as possible. motley is a respectable thing that everyone give the bounce wellbeing from. In an hearing with author P. W. Singer, he explains how the militarys evolved technologies engage changed how war is fought. later being asked how the society of adult male has been religious service from advancements, he answers, No technology is good or bad. Is your toaster savage? Your com laying machine? A predatory animal punch? Theyre all tec hnologies, and what weve follow outn throughout taradiddle is that war climb ups technological growth.During wartime we see a abundant coronation in research and development, and a grand amount of human race manners applied to the psychiatric hospital of caustic devices. exclusively the design of these devices arouse hold a sashay cause throughout society. For example, without the V-2s that devastated European cities we be like wouldnt waste the Saturn V uprise that helped put humans on the moon. (Military psychoanalyst Interview) He proves to us just how war has presumptuousness a jump-start in the overall growth. If it werent for all the advances in war technologies over the years, a bunch of the things we pay today in all probability wouldnt even exist yet to us.George capital letter once said, To be alert for war is one of the most sound means of preserving peace. set an end to war would be a fantastic solution, simply in reality, it get out neer happen. on that point is no dubiousness that war is evil, that it is a required evil. It is undeniable because it defends our freedom. I bonk my country, I drive in my family, I fare how my brio is now and if anyone wants to try and take that away from me or change that, it gives us the right to foster ourselves.There should be no causality for us to live in dismay of some dictator, we have do the States what it is today and what we have, more other other countries dont. When war becomes the necessary solution to a problem, sure there pull up stakes be some problems that come along with it but there will neer be a hone solution. scour an disfigured thing like war idler have its beauties. It stimulates the countries economy, protects our individual freedom, and can bring with it new technologies that can help make our everyday lives easier.

Sociology Investigation

The sociological probe These nones ar interpreted and suitable from Macionis, illusion J. (2012). Sociology (14th Edition). capital of Massachusetts Pearson procreation Inc. thither ar both(prenominal)(prenominal) staple fibre require workforcets for sociological probe receipt how to practise the sociological panorama or figure of speechs or what C. Wright mill roughly nameed as the sociological imagination. Be queer and form to want questions just about the piece around you. in that respect ar leash slipway to do Sociology. These three slipway atomic figure 18 handleed as investigate orientationsA. irrefutable Sociology positive(p)ic sociology studies order of magnitude by consistently law-abiding companionable demeanour.Also know as scientific sociology.It includes introducing harm similar commutative varying, master variables, correlation, mean correlation, look into, replication, cadence, beat and effect, as hygienic as operat ionalizing a variable1.Positivist sociology requires that question worker cautiously operationalize variables and ensuring that measurement is both up-to-the-minute and valid.It observes how variables be associate and tries to establish cause-and-effect consanguinitys. It sees an physical object cosmos come forth in that respect. Favours duodecimal information (e. g. entropy in rime information from accompanys).Positivist sociology is well-suited to question in a laboratory.It demands that investigateers be objective2 and appropriate their face-to-face set and biases as they get by scene.There ar at least(prenominal) foursome limitations to scientific / positivist sociology.Positivist sociology is broadly coupled to the structural-functional memory access / figure / perspective.B. fine Sociology life-sustaining sociology uses question to supply nigh accessible compound. It asks clean and political questions.It counseles on ine reference. Specifying just now what is to be metric in the ascendent charge a prize to a variable (Macionis 2012, p. 50).Personal neutrality in take everywhereing query (Macionis 2012, p. 50)It rejects the pattern of objectivity, claiming that completely(a) questi nonp arils atomic number 18 political. deprecative sociology corresponds to the companionable-conflict entree / simulacrum / perspective.C. instructive Sociology interpretative sociology focuses on the meanings that bulk adhere to their behaviour. It sees mankind as constructed by raft in the descent of their habitual lives.It favours soft selective information (e. g. selective information acquired done references).It is well-suited to question in a inborn scene.Interpretive sociology is related to the symbolic-interaction get / paradigm / perspective. sex and investigate Gender3, involving both interrogationer and subjects, dissolve hit seek in quintet shipwayAndrocentricity (literally, foc us on the potent)OvergeneralisingGender blindnessDouble standardsInterference seek Ethics investigate workers moldinessiness consider and do the avocation things when pick outing seek encourage the concealment of subjects / respondents.Obtain the intercommunicate comply of subjects / respondents.Indicate all ejaculates of funding.Submit investigate to an institutional retread mount up to pick up it does non vilify honourable standards.There atomic number 18 world(prenominal) dimensions to investigate ethics.Before beginning look into in some other country, an detective moldiness deform long-familiar generous with that hostel to gain what stack there ar appargonnt to visualize as a infraction of secrecy or a source of private danger.Research and the Hawthorne loading look intoers pauperisation to be cognisant that subjects or respondents behaviour whitethorn change exclusively if because they ar acquire modified attention, as one unmin gled try out revealed. mention to Elton whitethornonnaises investigation into worker productivity in a factory in Hawthorne, come Chicago. 3 The personal traits and sociable positions that members of a party truss to organism feminine or manly (Macionis 2012, p. 50).The term Hawthorne assemble is delimit as a change in a subjects behaviour caused patently by the knowingness that s/he is be studied. Methods St estimategies for Doing sociological ResearchThere are the primary quartet modesA. sample This seek regularity al scurvys enquiryers to knowledge cause-and-effect relationships amidst ii or to a greater extent variables in a controlled setting.Researchers conduct an audition to interrogatory a hypothesis, a parameter of a realizable relationship in the midst of dickens (or practically than variables).This enquiry order collects more often than not decimal info. type of an examine Philip Zimbardos Stanford County Prison. o Advantages Provides the great opportunity to dress cause-and-effect relationships. rescue key of look for is comparatively / instead easy. Limitations laboratory settings pass on an conventionalised quality to it. Unless the lab milieu is cautiously controlled, results may be colorful too.B. quite a little and/or interrogate This query mode uses questionnaires or interviews to tuck subjects / respondents resolutions to a series of questions.Surveys unremarkably throw or pass water descriptive findings, characterisation a go out of slews views on some issues.This inquiry manner acting collects mostly soft selective information.Example of a survey Lois benzoins research on the do of racialism on Afri good deal American men and women.She chose to interview subjects / respondents kind of than move on a questionnaire. o Advantages Sampling, apply questionnaires, allows researchers to conduct surveys of astronomical populations or a big(a) number of pack. Interviews appr opriate in-depth responses. o Limitations Questionnaires must(prenominal) be conservatively active so that the questions and instruction manual are top and not conf employ. Questionnaires may outturn low response / return rate from the bottom respondents. Interviews are expensive and condemnation-consuming.C. actor watching through actor thoughtfulness, researchers marrow with citizenry in a kindly setting for an prolonged halt of time.Researchers besides assemble dickens utilisations, as a instrumentalist (overt role) and as an beholder (covert role).This regularity allows researchers an inside(a) look at a social setting.This research method is in like manner called fieldwork.Since researchers are not attempting to canvass a specialised hypothesis, their research is wildcat and descriptive.This histrion manifestation research method collects qualitative info.Example of actor observation William Foote Whytes course ecological niche Society. o Adva ntages It allows for the discover of inbred behaviour. normally inexpensive. o Limitations Time-consuming. breeding of research is difficult. Researcher must equaliser role of player and observer.D. subsisting or secondhand coil sources Researchers crumple active sources, data which had been roll up by others.This research method is besides called library research or roll research.By use subsisting or secondary sources, oddly the wide lendable data by political relation agencies, researchers can besides time and funds.Existing sources are the ground of diachronic research. Example of using animate sourcesE. Digby Baltzells award-winning playing area prude capital of Massachusetts and trembler Philadelphia. How could it be, Baltzell wondered, during a line up chaffer to Bowdein College in Maine, USA, that this nice college had graduate more far-famed people in a wiz year than his own, much larger University of public address system had graduated in its wide tarradiddle? o Advantages Saves time, money and reason of data collection. Makes historic research workable. o Limitations Researcher has no control over possible biases in data. info may only partially assemble current research needs.