Patient and Hybrid Record Essay

1. What is the potential impact of the copy/paste functionality on the integrity of the data and information contained in an EHR? The copy/paste function opens the possibility for fraud, medical error and risk for malpractice claims. Fraud could occur when a copy/paste function is used and than an insurance company is billed for the procedure/services 2 or 3 times. When in reality the procedure/service was only completed once. Medical error can occur with the copy/paste function, when a nurse reads a chart made by a doctor who copy/pasted instructions or initiates a procedure that was already completed but the doctor didn’t realize that they copy/pasted it again. Than the nurse completes the procedure again, which can have fatal results. Thus opening the door for malpractice and even criminal suits. Thus the integrity of the whole file would have been compromised by on click of a button. 2. How does copy/paste functionality affect reimbursement? The copy/paste function can affect reimbursement because your insurance could get billed several times for the same procedure that was only completed once. Than your insurance could potentially deny the whole procedure leaving you with the bill and the headache of getting it sorted out. The other side of the coin is that with copy/paste function being used could make it to where someone else’s insurance gets billed if the last copied document is from another’s file than they clicked onto your file and though they highlighted something new but didn’t causing a whole new set of problems. 3. What measures can a hospital take to improve data integrity in their EHR while still achieving their goal of streamlining the documentation process? There needs to be educational training on the functionality of the copy/paste function and when and where it should and should not be used. EHR professionals need to come up with some new software applications that would cut down on the amount of functions that can be implemented into one document without a review by a trained professional. New better software and proper training is the way to go in my opinion. Don’t let staff get lazy and complacent with using the copy/paste function. 1. What impact can a hybrid record have on patient care? The hybrid record could have negative and positive effects on patient care. One negative effect would be that it would take longer to access and put together if a whole file is requested. Another negative would be just where exactly is all of these paper records being kept. A positive effect of the hybrid record is that if the computer system is compromised in some way there would be a paper record. 2. How might the hybrid record change health information management? The hybrid record would change health information management because you would have to have employees to care for all these records, as well as employees for the computer files thus creating more staff and costing more. There would of course have to be training on how to properly handle the hybrid record having thus an effect on the health information management team. Who would have to implement training, schedule personnel off to take the training find yet others to cover for that training. Again costing more money and time. 3. How might a hospital overcome some of the issues created by the hybrid record? To overcome some issues created by the hybrid record you would have to have good education/training in implementation of new data, new software and soft- ware development. Different sections of the hospital should help in the development of software that would be beneficial to the entire hospital or clinic, so that no one section is left out of the decision process, so all need are attempted to be met. Educate not only the HIM staff but the hospital or clinic as a whole so that everyone knows where things are kept and how they are stored.

Nursing Dilemmas Essay

There is a set of regulations or guidelines that guide the behavior of nurses in a clinical set up. These are responsibilities towards the patients and other workers in the organization. One of the clinical dilemmas encountered when genetic test made on a case reveal a high risk of development of a medical challenge such as breast cancer. The indecisiveness comes in when as a nurse is deciding on how to handle the situation and how to break the news the patient. Some nurses and physicians will recommend regular screening and, on the other hand, others will propose surgical interventions. There will be a set of uncertainties but using the Ustaal’s nine steps of coming to a moral decision will help solve the situation. Identifying the dilemma is the first step toward realization of the best decision. It involves determining the type of a dilemma whether clinical or legal (Davis, 2010). Identifying the potential outcomes of a decision made will enable one to know the best option that will have least effects on the patient. The nurse should be able to guide the patient on the implication of either having regular checks or taking a breast surgery. By reviewing the ethical codes guiding that kind of a situation, will be helpful in following the clearest moral code. A nurse is also supposed to consider various actions that can be taken towards the situation and decide the most appropriate way to communicate them to the client. It is vital to list the possible consequences of choosing a particular course of direction towards solving the experienced dilemma and as a registered nurse one will have the best knowledge on what path to follow. Finally, a nurse will chose the best course of action, involve the patient in the decision through soliciting clients inputs in the decision and eventually, the implementation of the strategy will take place. Works Cited Davis, A. (2010). Ethical Dilemmas & Nursing Practice. USA: Julie Alexander Publishers.

President of the United States Essay

The President of the United States, the chief executive officer of the federal government, the leader of the executive branch, and the commander in chief of the armed forces has certain constitutional powers. How much power does he really have? Does he have too much? Does he have too little, or not enough? In my opinion, I believe that the President of the United States of America has just enough power to run our country, deal with foreign and domestic policies, and fight the War on Terror In this essay, I will discuss my opinion, what the president’s powers are under the Constitution, and whether or not the president’s role has expanded beyond these powers in domestic and foreign policy. Under Article II, Section 2 and Section 3 of the Constitution, it outlines the powers and duties of the president. The President holds two main roles: he is the Head of State and is the Chief of Government. The powers and duties that fall under these roles are identified as two main sources of power; his expressed powers and his delegated powers. The expressed powers are specifically defined powers that cannot be revoked by Congress or any agencies without an amendment to the Constitution. The delegated powers are the powers given to the president by Congress. Examples of expressed powers are the authorization to make treaties, grant pardons, and nominate judges and other public officials. The president also has the power to receive ambassadors and command the military forces of the United States. The delegated powers under Article II of the Constitution state that the President â€Å"shall take Care that Laws be faithfully executed†. These powers delegate that the President will only have the authority to carry out decisions through identification and development. Out of every country in the world, our president is the only one with both roles as the Head of State and Chief of Government. A third power, that is not stated in the Constitution, but is claimed occasionally by the President are inherent powers. The inherent powers are said to stem from â€Å"the rights, duties and obligations of the presidency†. These powers are exercised by presidents in times of war or national emergency. One of the President’s biggest powers that are applied as part of his inherent powers is the power to declare war. The President’s express powers are divided into five categories. The five categories are: Military, Judicial, Diplomatic, Executive, and Legislative. Beneath the Military category, it affirms that under Article II, Section 2; the President is provided the power as â€Å"Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States. † Beneath the Judicial category, it affirms under Article II, Section 2; the President is provided the power to â€Å"grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.† Beneath the diplomatic category under Article II, Section 2; the President is provided the power â€Å"to make Treaties by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate. † Additionally, under Article II, Section 3; the President is provided the power to â€Å"receive Ambassadors and other Public Ministers. † Beneath the Executive category, it affirms under Article II, section 3; the President is authorized to see to it that all laws are faithfully executed. Additionally, Section 2 gives the chief executive power to appoint, remove, and supervise all executive officers and to appoint all federal judges. Under the Legislative branch, it affirms under Article 1, section 7 and Article II, Section 3 that the President has the power to participate authoritatively in the legislative process. The military authorities granted to the President are amongst the most important powers granted to someone leading the United States of America. As the President of the United States, you are granted the position as commander in chief. The position of commander and chief deems the President the highest military authority in the United States with control of the entire defense establishment. Additionally, the President is head of the nation’s intelligence network, which includes the CIA, NSC, NSA, and the FBI, which are among the most well regarded intelligence networks in the world. The constitution is the main principle in giving President’s the power to declare war; however, many Presidents’ decide to capture this power for themselves without consulting Congress. This is a resolution of Congress that the President can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of Congress, or if American troops are already under attack. For example, when President Bush responded to the attacks on the World Trade Centers in New York on September 11th, 2001 he ordered a major military campaign to overthrow the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. Again in 2002, President Bush ordered a huge American campaign against Iraq to overthrow the Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein, whom he believed had links to the terrorist network that attacked the United States. President Bush publically made it a point to state that he did not need Congress’s authorization to declare war against organizations deemed an imminent threat against the United States of America. This is what is called the War Powers Resolution. The Judicial Powers granted to the President of the United States give him or her power to grant reprieves, pardons, and amnesties. Additionally, it involves power over all individuals who may be a threat to the security of the United States. Presidents may use this power to grant a reprieve on behalf of a particular individual. An example of reprieve for one particular individual would be when President Gerald Ford granted a pardon for former President, Richard Nixon, for â€Å"all offenses against the United States which he †¦ has committed or may have committed.† The Diplomatic Powers declare that our President is also our countries â€Å"Head of State†, or its chief representative when dealing with other countries. The title of Head of State grants the President the power to make treaties for the United States. The power of receiving Ambassadors and other Public Ministers was pushed through Congress under President Washington’s leadership in 1793. This power allows the President almost unrestricted authority to review the claims of any new ruling groups to determine whether they indeed control the territory and population they claim is theirs. The Executive Power, which is another one of the most important power’s as chief executive states that the President must ensure that all laws are faithfully executed. Additionally, this appoints the President to assign, remove, and supervise all executive officers and federal judges. These powers, under the Constitution, basically appoint the President as the true Chief Executive Officer of the United States. Another component the President is granted as chief executive is â€Å"executive privilege†. Executive privilege claims that confidential communications between the President and close executives are to be kept confidential and are not to be revealed without express permission for the President. The Legislative Power is broken down into two Constitutional provisions. The first of these provisions is under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution and it states that the President â€Å"shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.† The second provision states the President has the power to veto. The veto is the President’s constitutional power to turn down acts of Congress. Other powers that are granted to the President are his â€Å"Delegated Powers. † These powers are not found in the Constitution but are product of congressional statutes and resolutions given to the President over the last century. The delegation of powers has been an almost inescapable consequence of the expansion of government activity in the United States. In conclusion, my belief is that the president has just enough power to run our country, deal with foreign and domestic policies, and fight the War on Terror. Because of the President’s two main sources of power, which are his express powers and delegated powers, it enables him to fulfill his duties and obligations without having too much power over our government and legislation.

How is buying a house better then renting a apartment Essay

How is buying a house better then renting a apartment - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the alternatives of buying or renting a home. Homeownership is part of the American dream. A home is a place where people spend the majority of their time. Being a homeowner is a status symbol of success in life. Home ownership has many virtues. When a person decides to buy a home they can select a home that has all the attributes they are looking for. A person can buy a home or apartment that is already constructed or they can purchase a piece of land and built their own home. Due to the rising construction costs most people prefer to purchase a home that is already build. In the renting marketplace a person is limited to the houses or apartments that are available for rent in their region. Typically a person that owns a home has more space available than a person that rents. Homeowners do not have to comply with strict rules due to that fact they do not have to report to anyone. Sometimes renters have problems with landlords who attempt to impose rules that affect the renter’s freedom. When a person owns a home they can invite people to their house and have parties without worrying about what the landlord thinks. Buying a home has several economic advantages. The interest rates of the mortgage are tax deductible on the primary home of residence. If a person purchases a second home as an investment, then the homeowner does not have the privilege of deducting interest. Due to the fact that banks utilized compound interest formulas for mortgages during the first years the amount of interest paid are very high which implies that the deduction tax privileges are also high. An advantage of becoming a homeowner in 2011 is that the housing market is currently a buyer’s market. In the state of Florida the median price of homes is just $123,000 (Cnn). A lot of homes are selling for less than their actual value. Under such circumstances the buyer of a home can increase their wealth in terms of equity fro m day one. A great advantage about home ownership is that it creates wealth for the owner. As time passes by the homeowner will increase his wealth in terms of equity. The equity a person accumulates on a home can be put to good use in the future. If a person ever needs a large sum of money to pay for large expenses such as the college education of their children they can use the equity of the home to get a second mortgage. Another way that homeownership can benefit a person is by using the extra space on the home to rent out to a person. Many people rent the basement, attic, or an extra room of their homes to make some extra money. Renting out space can help a homeowner cover a percentage of the mortgage payment. A person that owns a home can invest additional money to improve the home. Renters do not have that privilege because they cannot construct on something that is not theirs. Being a homeowner provides a person with an extra sense of security because there is not contract in place with a landlord. Landlords once the contract expires can kick a person out of their home for whatever reason they like. Also homeowners pay a fix mortgage payment. The renters are often faced with price hikes once the contract expires. Typically renting contracts only last a year. The one year contract norm benefits the landlord because the person can raise the price of the rent on a yearly basis. Despite all the advantages associated with home ownerships there are also disadvantages. The

Persuasive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Persuasive - Essay Example According to Alan Keith of Genentech, leadership is about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. An effective leader has many qualities and characteristics which help them in running any type of an organization. This paper aims at dealing with being just as an important leadership quality. There are many definitions of justice according to different scholars and books. Justice can be defined as upholding of what is just, especially fair handling and due prize in accordance with standards, honor, or law. In other words it is the principle of moral rightness; equity. It advocates on treating situations in an organization with fairness and equality (Spillane 28-23). Injustices in any organization may be based differently. For example, there can be injustice according to race, tribe, religion, gender, family relations, or even jealousy. A good leader must be totally unbiased. They ought to not have personal bests in their team, to whom they give more power or less labor. All the members in a team should be treated equally without favoritism and discrimination. Whenever group activities are mandatory, the appearance of a leader becomes imminent. A group always works efficiently when there is a leader to guide the members and keep them aggravated on their way to success. With no a superior head, a group will not be able to do to the best of its abilities. Nevertheless, as much is it essential to have a leader, it is also important that they have the right character and the required skills. Having a bad head is even worse than having no head at all (Zaccaro 17-9). In case one wants to be a leader, one needs to cultivate certain skills and qualities in them, one of which is justice. Having a leader who is biased and does not uphold justice may lead to conflicts in the organization and it may have many hazardous effects like drop in productivity of the group and the company at large.

Significance of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Significance of Leadership - Essay Example I was tapped to lead a six-person team plagued by complaints such as â€Å"I feel stifled by the bureaucracy,† â€Å"I am bored by the repetitive routines,† and â€Å"My boss has no sense of business.† Before taking on the responsibility, my mentor asked whether I had seriously considered what it meant to lead this infamous team. In my response, I quoted my former coach: â€Å"There’s no bad boy, only a bad coach.† I did not criticize the so-called bad boys, many previous leaders had done the same mistake and I certainly did not want to follow in their footsteps. Another positive thing which I did was that I listened to them patiently and gave them a good chance to express themselves, all these above things worked in my favor and I ended up winning their hearts. I defined my role as the team’s backup. I wouldn’t lead; I planned to support. I shared my vision of turning the team members into real leaders who not only developed ideas but also put them into action and delivered results. I invented the â€Å"changing seats† game, in which team members alternated sitting in my chair every Monday morning, initiating an activity for the whole team to execute that week. Later, I proposed setting up a Your-Voice forum, in which the team would exchange ideas about the latest international practices in trade finance as well as necessary reformations in workflow and business process. Motivated by the team’s enthusiasm, I convinced the executives to provide a small budget to support our lecture series involving professionals in insurance, shipping, and foreign exchange management policy. The lecture series was open to the entire organization, which helped rebuild the team’s image into a positive one. Gradually, I guided my bad boys to turn their innovative ideas into case studies and papers for top management’s reference.

Examples of Administrative Behavior that Raise Questions about Assignment

Examples of Administrative Behavior that Raise Questions about Organizational Ethics - Assignment Example ‘A story on the outside business,’ is a video demonstrating how some employees use government time and property to pursue their own businesses. This is not allowed by the law, and it is also ethically wrong. There are two things in this issue. Going against the law and going against the code of ethics. Going against the law is wrong, and it is also not morally correct to use government property and time to pursue personal businesses. The woman in the video is shown using government phone, computer, and time to make calls to an outside individual about a property that was on sale. She expects to get a commission from the business deal. There are ethical codes that guide public service behavior. Such areas provided by specific organizations in which an employee works, the government, and the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA). In this case, reference will be made to guidance as provided by ASPA and the government. ASPA indicates that it has the responsibility to develop a responsible professionalism spirit among public service workers and sectors. It also affirms that it has the responsibility to increase awareness and commitment to ethical standards and principles among public service workers. The society, therefore, provides codes of ethics to guide behavior in the public service. ASPA code of ethics number 1 requires advancement of public interest. An employee is expected to put public service above service to oneself. This code was violated by the employee who took her office time to make outside deals (ASPA, 2013). Â  Other codes that were violated by the employee according to ASPA are; ethical code number 6 which requires demonstration of personal integrity, and code number 8 which requires promotion of professional excellence. According to number six, the employee is expected to adhere to certain standards of conduct that will inspire public trust and confidence in the organization. Sh e did not do that. Number eight required her to act ethically and competently; she also failed to do that (ASPA, 2013).

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Coursework

Logistics and Supply Chain Management - Coursework Example A critical analysis and comparison of the supply chain networks of both the companies is done using the case studies provided to us. The analysis of the two cases has been done in line with the literature review. The final part of the document deals with two more companies in the fast fashion industry and compares their supply chain strategies with the strategies of H&M and Benetton whose case has been provided to us. The analysis of the two case studies provides us with an insight in to the importance of supply chain for the success of a firm. Supply chain is no longer considered just another element but is considered by many firms to be as important as marketing. It can drastically reduce the cost of the firm and give a strong competitive advantage to the firm which is hard and difficult to duplicate. Benetton was established in Italy in 1965.It has it presence in 120 countires.12 of its 18 factories are located in Italy. It sells its good through a network of 6500 retailers. It's positioning in the international market is that the company sells good quality garments which are moderately priced. With the analysis of the case we will critically analyse how Benetton has increased its supply chain by utilizing the "Dual Supply Chain" system. We will see how this system takes advantages of both the push and pull factors of the supply chain and increases the performance objectives for the company. H & M H &M case H & M is a well known Swedish company and has been a leader both in terms of market share and financial performance of the company. The company's strategy has been continuous expansion to search for the most promising markets available, to produce goods in a cost effective and fast manner and to reduce lead times drastically in order to reach the retailers quickly and capture changes in customer moods and preferences and provide longer shelf life for its products. H&M is also an example of how e-business solutions can be used to obtain competitive advantage in the supply chain of a company. Procurement and logistics can easily track the sales as they share a common IT platform with the retailers. This allows the company to react quickly to any changes in the trends prevalent in the market. H&M also has an efficient inventory management system which reduces the lead times for the firm and ensures efficient stock management. Literature Review Operation Strategy of a firm may be defined as set of principals adopted by the organization for decision making to achieve at a reconciliation of the market demand and the operational resources available to the

Cell Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Cell Biology - Essay Example Their sizes range from 1 to 100 micrometers. Thanks to modern day technology, detailed images of the most complex cells can be obtained through advance microscopes. Mainly there are 2 types of cells, Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic; the first ones can be found in animal, plants and fungi while the later ones include bacteria and archaeans. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms which were the most primitive forms of life on earth, and are able to survive in the most extreme habitats. Cell biology has made one of the most useful and interesting discoveries of modern times – DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is perhaps the key to finding the hidden truths about human life cycle. DNA is type of molecule known as nucleic acid, and is located within the nucleus of cells (Bailey 2010). Chromosomes are the main component of reproduction; proteins and DNA are the main constituents within these chromosomes, therefore DNA serve as a major part of reproduction cycle. Cells have quite a complex structure, there are other structures contained in a single cell and are called as Organelles. Each of these organelles carries out a specific task, just like the different organs of our bodies, which perform their specific function in order to enable the running of over all system smoothly. Similarly these organelles execute wide range of functions within a cell that range from providing energy to reproducing hormones and enzymes. The Eukaryotic cells contain different range of organelles and prokaryotic contain separate organelles, which are known as ribosome. In the same way plants and animals have different combinations of organelles but some of the elements are common throughout, such as: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. The unique characteristic of cells is that different types of cells have a different reproduction mechanism for them. Fossils from primitive times came into their final form through a process called

Main idea and themes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Main idea and themes - Assignment Example After the disintegration of the Roman Empire, the jurisdiction in Europe and parts of Asia was disintegrated into fragmented groups that spoke different languages and practiced different cultures. Upon crowning of Charlemagne as a king, his main objectives were to promote Christianity and to restore the earlier doctrines of the church. Restoration of Christianity demanded the unification of people towards a common faith. The initial step in this objective was to promote the use of one language. To promote the use of Latin, Charlemagne built schools as well as scriptoriums where ancient texts were duplicated and preserved. During this era, there was a rapid rise in the numbers of ancient manuscripts as well as political stability. With the intention of restoring Christianity, the rule of Charlemagne forced all the subjects to convert to Christianity, a move that was in certain circumstances achieved through brutality. However, the era of Carolingian Revival can still be accredited for the restoration of usage of Latin, preservation and restoration of earlier Christian documents as well as the expansion of Christianity (West,

Minutes of associated student organization Essay

Minutes of associated student organization - Essay Example In fact, Sarah and Michael had a screaming match about the amount the fees had increased in the past for the next half hour. Although it was facetiously entertaining, it emphasized the degree of seriousness this particular issue has brought the student community. A resolution was passed collectively to protest against this increase; nevertheless, one of the students, Bob, refused to sign his name to anything due to his phobia about commitments. The second issue that was discussed was the lineup for the next semester’s musical events. Bob remarked that there were too many country acts, and not enough alternative acts. He noted, â€Å"A little country goes a long way†, which spurred conflict with Marty, another member of the body. Marty vented, â€Å"What do you want, some idiot in leather who spits up fake blood.† He added that country acts are popular in the whole community as compared to alternative acts, which draw audiences very poorly. With the current policy of up-front deposits required by Elite Productions, the body agreed to ensure that we don’t book any weak acts, which could deplete the whole budget of the student organization for the entire year. Bob replied that he did not mean to neither degrade nor insult country acts, and the two agreed to discuss the issue at a deeper

Ethics Answers Essay Example for Free

Ethics Answers Essay 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes, I agree with Emmanuel Kant. It is said that a man’s worth is measured by how much he helped others to ease their burdens, and acted with compassion for the well-being of the majority. But first, he must preserve his integrity and self-respect before he can serve his fellow man. As Kant stated, one who transgresses against himself loss his manliness and becomes incapable of doing his duty towards his fellows. The most important duty to us is the preservation of one’s life and dignity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes. Certainly, suicide is abominable. And Kant’s arguments against suicide are very convincing and tenable. We, as human beings, are vested with the gift of willpower, the freedom to choose things that make us happy and contented. It would be a waste if this willpower is used as a means to destroy one’s very life. Suicide defeats the purpose of what makes us human, that is to serve others and dignify one’s life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this instance, the Congressman lost his self-worth in two ways; one, by accepting bribe, and the second by being drunk. Because a man’s worth is by doing his moral duty to himself and others, this duty would not be attained because he transgresses against himself. Kant observed that he who transgresses against himself loses his manliness and become incapable of doing his duty towards his fellows. A man who fails in his duty to himself loses worth absolutely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Worth in Emmanuel Kant’s concept is the capacity of an individual to perform his moral duties to himself and others. It is a man’s over-all personality. Thus, a man who has destroyed and cast away his personality, has no intrinsic worth, and can no longer perform any manner of duty to himself and to his fellow human being.

Host Community Attitudes And Perceptions About Tourism

Host Community Attitudes And Perceptions About Tourism This study aims at identifying the relationships between residents socio- cultural, economic and environmental aspect and their attitudes towards tourism by focusing on a small community where tourism is in the development stage. By conducting this research, the author hopes to come across the residents attitudes and capture their current perceptions about tourism development in their area. Moreover, this research is being done because most authors agree that initial community attitudes toward tourism are critical to community involvement in the industry (Murphy 1981), the formation of destination image (Echtner Ritchie 1991). Attitudes are defined as a state of mind of the individual toward a value (Allport 1966, p. 24) and as an enduring predisposition towards a particular aspect of ones environment (McDougall Munro 1987, p. 87). Attitude of host community to tourism based development can improve if there is a boost in the tangible and indescribable settlements the host community can receive by being in based development (Choi Sirakaya, 2006). As Attitudes are based under this understanding, this is why some researchers came to a conclusion that residents attitudes toward tourism are not simply the reflections of residents perceptions of tourism impacts, but the results of interaction between residents perceptions and the factors affecting their attitudes (Lankford et al.1994). Some preceding researchs have proved that some most important impacts of tourism are identified along with its variables, however the theory is underdeveloped: Currently there is limited understanding of why residents respond to the impacts of tourism as they do, and under what conditions residents react to those impacts (Ap 1992, p. 666). Husband (1989) also addressed this issue by saying There is, so far, no theoretical justification of why some people are, or are not, favorably disposed to tourism (p. 239). Various issues can persuade perceptions of the host community about positive outcomes of tourism development. Support will depend on the degree of benefits perceived. The participation of community will be discussed later on in the literature review. The acceptance of local values can also be an important factor that leads to the achievement of a tourism based development (Alexander, 2000). However over a certain period of time many findings detected that host community perceptions in the direction from tourism may have more positive attitudes. People who depend on tourism industry or having a better economic benefit may possibly have a higher degree of positivity than other inhabitants who do not benefit from a tourism development ( lankford and howard, 1994; Jurowski, Uysal, and willimas, 1997; Sirakaya , Teye and Sonmez,2002 ). Lindberg and Johnson (1997) mentioned that people having higher economic impacts from tourism may have more positive attitudes. However Travis (1984) has stated that its not only an economic characteristics such as the opportunity for jobs creation or capital generation that needs to be considered by the host community. The socio-cultural and environmental aspects are also very important. For Choi and Sirakaya (2005), the most community should also have a better environment in term of infrastructures and improved amenities such as leisure and recreational activities. They describe tourism as consisting of various supports and any development in the tourism field should ensure the protection of the culture of host community, alongside the protection of the environment. In order to clarify the relationship between the impacts of tourism and residents attitudes toward tourism, several models have been developed. One of the most influential models is Doxeys Irridex model (1975) which suggests that residents attitudes toward tourism may pass through a series of stages from euphoria, through apathy and irritation. to antagonism, as perceived costs exceed the expected benefits. This model is supported by Long et al.s (1990) research results, which indicate residents attitudes, are initially favorable but become negative after reaching a threshold. To have a better comprehension about the relationship between the impacts of tourism and residents attitudes toward tourism, several models have been developed. One of the most dominant models is Doxeys Irridex model (1975) which suggests that residents attitudes toward tourism may pass through a series of stages from euphoria, through apathy and irritation. to antagonism, as perceived costs exceed the expected benefits. This model was supported by Long et al.s (1990) research results, which indicated that residents attitudes are initially favorable but become negative after reaching a threshold. The Irridex model indicates that residents attitudes toward tourism will change overtime. It suggests that residents attitudes and reactions toward tourism contain a sense of homogeneity (Mason et al. 2000). Conversely, this concept was challenged by some research findings that reported heterogeneous community responses and diverse residents attitudes simultaneously existing in a community ( Brougham et al. 1981,Rothman 1978). Critics about Doxey Irridex Model and Butler Tourism Area Life cycle According to Butler (1975) when he has developed a more complex model, he suggested that both positive and negative attitudes could be held by residents in a community simultaneously and be expressed via active and passive support or opposition. Furthermore this model is supported by Murphys (1983) research results, which reveal the distinct attitude differences among residents, public officials, and business owners in three English tourist centers. Despite that the model addresses the difficulty of residents attitudes toward tourism, researchers still lacked theories explaining relationships between residents attitudes and tourism impacts until Ap (1992) applied social exchange theory to tourism. According to the theory, exchange will start, only when there are irregular inaction forms. Ap (1992) suggests that residents evaluate tourism in terms of social exchange, that is, evaluate it in terms of expected benefits or costs obtained in return for the services they supply He also argued that when exchange of resources is high for the host actor in either the balanced or unbalanced exchange relation, tourism impacts are viewed positively, while tourism impacts are viewed negatively if exchange of resources is low. Social exchange theory has been examined as a theoretical framework by researchers to describe residents attitudes toward tourism impacts (Perdue et al. 1990, McGehee Andereck 2004). The Doxey irridex model gives a clear view of how host community attitude changes over a period of time. It mentions host community perceptions, reactions and attitudes in the direction of tourism (Manson et al.2000). This can be a conflicting principle because some research came to a conclusion that various host community attitudes and perceptions may exist in the community, (Brougham et al.1981, Rothman 1978). Akis, Peristanis Warner (1996) disapprove the Irridex Model and The Tourism Life Cycle and view it as too simple, because both models give a few hint of changing host community perceptions and attitudes over time. Other researchers like Lankford and Howard (1994, P.135) opposed against the model of Doxey(1975) because positive and negative factors that affect the perceptions and attitudes of host community are not given much consideration. As the tourism industry keeps on changing, this may be a reason why we must give this industry continuous support for its related development. Andereck vogt( 2000) stated that it is considered that optimistic attitudes towards tourism may entail the encouragement for further tourism development. If there is any delay in tourism project development can be due to frustration towards tourists. Mill and Morisson (1984) even mention that, an acceptance of tourism cannot be built unless the benefits of tourism are made relevant to the community. Attitudes and perceptions of host community at a destination is of utmost importance in the accomplishment of tourism development alongside the development of the industry at large also, (Hayword,1975), (Heenan, 1978), and Hiller (1976). There is a broad belief perception and attitudes of host community in the direction of tourism outcomes are apt to become essential planning and policy concern for flourishing development and expansion of existing and potential tourism programs, (Ap,1992). Host community attitudes and perception is very important as it will influence their behavior towards tourism, (Andriotis and Vaughan, 2003). Host community involvement and participation Community participation has become a common element in many development initiatives, such as community-based programmes, which assume participatory methods and has been promoted by development organizations, notably the World Bank, to address the inefficiency of highly centralized development approaches particularly in the developing world (Baral and Heinen, 2007). Today, many development initiatives solicit the participation of all concerned stakeholders, at the relevant level, not only for the sake of efficiency and equity of the programmes, leverage of donors and demands of local communities, but also for o for sustainability of these initiatives (Ribot, 2004). . Consequently, the real outcome for soliciting such community participation is to create and produce an enabling environment needed by these stakeholders, especially local communities who have been vulnerable to negative impacts of tourism attributed partly to the fact that many tourism resources occur in their areas, to have a real stake in development activities (Havel, 1996; Songorwa, 1999). This requires involving local communities in decision-making and strengthening their ability to act for themselves. One approach to achieve this is through investments in human capital, such as education and health, investments in social capital such as local-level institutions and participato ry processes, and support for community based development efforts planned and implemented from bottom up (Havel, 1996, p.145). However, given the fact that the central point underlying peoples participation may be the degree of power distribution, these efforts are less likely to succeed unless responsive institutions and the legal and policy framework that facilitate and support local participation are in place (Havel, 1996; Tosun, 2004; Wang and Wall, 2005).

The dangers of Scams and corruption in Sports

The dangers of Scams and corruption in Sports Cricket a gentlemans game a very famous statement adored by most of the people who played cricket or enjoyed watching it around the 70s and 80s. But does this statement still hold true? Well from the commentators or cricketing experts perspective it does. But from the viewers perspective, there is a doubt over the statement, more so on the gentlemen playing the game. The year 2010 provided these viewers with more such incidents that could raise further doubts including those on the integrities of the players. The first notable incident was when Sri Lankan cricketer Suraj Randiv bowled a no-ball to deny Indian batsmen Virender Sehwag from scoring a century. Sehwag was on 99, with India needing just one-run to win the match. Randiv deliberately bowled a no-ball. Sehwag was thus stranded on 99 even though he hit that ball for a six. After much criticism, the Lankan bowler accepted the wrong-doing, but by then; the spirit of the game was already being questioned. As if this incident was not enough to dent the spirit of the game, and as if the no-ball had not got its due recognition, three Pakistani players were alleged in the spot-fixing controversy. The no-balls were now going to get a fair deal of recognition. The three Pakistani players, Salman Butt, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir had allegedly accepted bribes from bookie Mazhar Majeed. The deal was to bowl deliberate no-balls and under-perform at specific points of time or in specific overs in the 4th test match with England at Lords. The information was used by Majeed to make wagers. When the news was first reported by the News of the World, the trio denied the charges and pleaded innocence. However, with their background of having being involved in prior such controversies related to match-fixing, doping, controversies related to the death of their former coach, this incident was not something that could have been shut without any investigation. The three players were temporarily suspended by the International Cricket Council (ICC). Notices were sent to Pakistan board and these three players, seeking information into allegations of spot and match fixing. The Scotland Yard arrested Majeed for investigating the charges of suspicion of conspiracy. Later a few more arrests were made in the case, these being related to money laundering in connection with the fixing allegations. They submitted their reports to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). The CPS was to decide whether to hold the players guilty or not. Finally, the ICC concluded on its investigation that the t hree players were indeed guilty of accepting bribes for spot-fixing. They were subsequently banned for a period of 10 years for Salman Butt, 7 for Asif and 5 years for Mohammad Amir. 5 years for Butt and 2 for Asif were suspended on the condition that both of them commit no further breach of the code. All of them were allowed to appeal against their sentences with the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The sentences were aimed to thwart other such incidences from occurring. But as they say an image once tarnished is difficult to rebuild. Here the image in question is not only of Pakistan cricket but of cricket as a game. Will such sentences prevent the future occurrence of such or probably new methods of match-fixing, is something that only the time will tell. Story 2: Lost in the Woods Tiger Woods is a professional American golfer one of the most successful golfers of all time. His achievements to date by winning the most career PGA tours major golf championships make him the youngest fastest golfer to earn him such accolades. But, there is always an upside of being a sports celebrity. Your personal professional lives are followed continuously by the media public who idolise you. Woods paid the price of being a celebrity when he got involved in one of the famous infidelity stories of modern times. On November 25, 2009, there was a story published in the tabloid The National Enquirer, which claimed that Woods was having an extramarital affair with one of the nightclub manager in New York, Rachel Uchitel. The media started garnering attention to the story about Woodss infidelity after Woods suffered a car accident a day later. The accident occurred near his home when he left around 2:30 a.m. in his car. Woods had hit a hedge, a fire hydrant, and a tree which was near his house. Woods was cited for careless driving paid a $164 traffic fine. He initially refused to speak to either the media or the police. This led to a lot of speculation among his fans media persons. Finally, after 2 days, he released his clarification statement on his personal website, which mentioned that he undertook blame for the car crash and said that he didnt want any more speculation as it was his personal matter. Reports soon surfaced in the media circles saying that Woods wife, Elin, had attacked his c ar with a golf club following an argument about Woods alleged affair with Uchitel. Further interest in the story grew when a San Diego based cocktail waitress, Jaimee Grubbs claimed in one of the magazines that she had a two-and-a-half-year affair with Woods. She also had various texts voice messages as a proof to support her claims. Soon, over a dozen women claimed through various mediums that they also had alleged affairs with Woods. This increased a lot of pressure on Woods from all sections of media, fans his sponsors. On Dec 11, 2009 he made a public statement on his website in which he admitted to infidelity and apologized for his behaviour. He also announced that he has decided to take a temporary break from playing professional golf till he settles down with his personal life. Shortly after this statement, several companies who were Woods sponsors started to reconsider the endorsement deals signed with him. On 8th December, 2009, Nielsen carried out a survey found that the advertisers had temporarily suspended television other media advertisements featuring Woods post the extramarital affairs scandals emerged. Some of the major sponsors of Woods showed him support initially and decided to retain him. But he was suspended by Gillette on Dec 11, and also by Accenture on Dec 13, stating that the golfer was no longer the right representative. The shareholders had undergone an estimated loss which was as high as $5  to $12  billion due to the Woods extramarital affairs scandal. The entire Tiger Woods infidelities controversy proved one thing that no individual can take anything for granted, even if he is the worlds highest earning professional sports athlete. Woods had admitted that he was unfaithful to his wife had extramarital affairs with a number of women. Infidelity is not acceptable by any court of law. It is the most unethical thing to happen in a marriage cannot be tolerated or forgiven by any partner (irrespective of their gender) in the world. He was caught by the charisma power that comes by being a famous sports celebrity. He had the wrong belief that he had the power to perform any actions, and his brand image his fan following would not cause any harm to him. He was under the impression that normal rules/laws followed in society did not apply to a big sports celebrity like him. This brought to his downfall his multiple infidelities tarnished his on-field brand image built by him from over a decade. His acts had disappointed his fans, fami ly, friends business partners all over the world. Woods officially divorced his wife on Aug 23, 2010. Currently, Woods has made a comeback to professional golf but he is neither in the best of his form on-field nor does he have the support that he used to have before the controversy. Story 3: Olympics take a Dope Olympics, the greatest sporting event in the world, is not free from issues and one of the issue which is bothering the organizer for a long time is usage of performance enhancing drugs. The genesis of using the similar things can be found in Ancient Olympics in form of specially cooked lizard meat which would improve athletes performance. In modern Olympics, there have been many cases where players have been banned for using drugs starting with alcohol usage in 1968 till 30 athletes were banned in Vancouver in 2010. IOC (International Olympic Committee) along with WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) has taken a strong stand against use of such elements. In fact, Zero Tolerance for Doping was adopted as an official slogan for the Beijing Olympic Games (2008). The case which we are going to see how Bahrain Athlete Rashid Ramzi was stripped of his gold medal for doping in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Rashid Ramzi climbed to the top of the Asian scene, after transferring to Bahrain, winning gold medals at the Asian Athletics Championships and the Asian Games 2002. He set an Asian indoor record over 800 metres to take the silver at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships-his first global medal-and took part in the 2004 Athens Olympics. He reached the peak of his discipline the following year by becoming both the 800  m and 1500  m champion at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics the first man to ever do such a double at the competition. He failed to retain his titles at the 2007 World Championships, but still took the silver medal over 1500  m. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, he was the recipient of the first ever medal for Bahrain at the Olympics winning the 1500  m gold medal. However, he failed to maintain his integrity before performing at 2008 Olympics Games. His result (of winning gold medal in 2008) did not stand and he was excluded from the sport for two years after his test came back positive for the banned blood-boosting substance CERA (Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator), a newer version of a endurance-enhancing hormone that was cutting edge stuff. In April 2009, the Bahrain Olympic Committee reported Ramzi tested positive for doping at the Beijing Games. Ramzi tested positive for CERA, an advanced version of the blood-boosting drug EPO. Ramzis backup B sample was tested on June 18, 2009 and in July 2009 it was announced Ramzis B sample has tested positive as well. In November 2009, Ramzi was stripped of his gold medal. An important thing to note, here, is the players (many others including Ramzi were suspended or stripped of their medal) were knowing about illegal use of drug CERA but test to check CERA were not available before. So, players took advantage of it. But, as soon as test came into existence, it was applied on players and were given appropriate punishment. This incident tells us how hard IOC and WADA tries to eliminate drug issue from Olympics, usage of such drugs will become integral part of Olympics unless Players take a moral responsibility of eradicating drug demon. Story 4: Corruption in Commonwealth Games 2010 They killed animals, cut trees, displaced people, snatched livelihoods, destroyed river, looted the taxpayers, violated all possible labor laws, increased cost of living to unimaginable heights, asked students to vacate hostels, destroyed heritage of this age old city and all this in the name of Green Games. Yes, as a matter of fact the only thing green about October 2010 held Commonwealth Games in the capital city was the money involved in it. The mission of this game included creating sustainable environment and leave behind a lasting legacy and values include transparency. Delhi had won the bid in November 2003, in last six years whatever happened in the name of Games completely defied above mentioned vision, mission and values. On the contrary, the opacity in the conducting of the games deeply scarred the sentiments of the people and the civil society in India. The destructive development that had happened over the years in the name of a game has tarnished the image of India to a great extent. Initially the estimated cost of the games was around Rs. 150 crores which rose to Rs. 70,000 crores. Common mans hard earned money was used in an extravagant and reckless manner. There was corruption ranging from procurement of small items like towels, soaps etc. to construction of bridges and stadiums. Before the start of the games, corruption was suspected but the magnitude was not known. The cost of renovation of a stadium proved to be more than building a new stadium. There were reports of child labour in the construction of venues. Death of 48 labourers did not make much news and was mentioned in passing. For some of the mess in Delhi, Congress blames MCD controlled by BJP while BJP and other opposition political parties directed their fingers to the ruling party at Delhi. Allegations of corruption spanned a broad spectrum including issuing of  contracts and purchase of equipment from treadmills to toilet rolls. Indias anti-corruption watchdog identified more than 16 projects with possible irregularities. Allegations of corruption over the Commonwealth games 2010 event that took place   in Delhi in October 2010 are being investigated by several bodies including the  anti-corruption watchdog, the state auditor, the CBI and a special committee set  up by Prime Minister Singh. The Congress-party led coalition government came under fierce criticism for  mismanagement and ineptitude over the sporting extravaganza which cost up to Rs. 70,000 crore (USD  6 billion). It is obvious that a complete lack of governance and accountability has led to all kinds of politicians and officials diving in to make a quick buck out of the governments magnanimity. The Congress party, as a desperate measure to save its face, eventually sacked Suresh Kalmadi, chairman of the organising  committee, as secretary of the partys parliamentary wing. Recently, Kalmadi and his Aides have been arrested and questioned by the CBI regarding the irregularities in the run-up to hosting the just-concluded Commonw ealth Games. What was supposed to be Indias moment of glory was turned into the countrys hour of shame. *.*.*.

Autonomy and Responsibility in Nazi Germany Essay -- Essays Papers

Autonomy and Responsibility in Nazi Germany Throughout history, the struggle of people finding their rights in society has played a major role, especially in the Nazi ideology. During this struggle, societies tried to determine who had rights, what a person owed to society and the duties of an individual. Nazis believed in the Volk, which meant people in the sense of a race, not individuals. Nazis saw the Volk as the major component in society, and therefore based the rest of their beliefs on a person's place in the society on the idea of preserving the pure Volk. The rights a person obtained were based on achieving this goal of preserving the Volk as well. The Nazi view of autonomy and responsibility of the individuals in Germany at this time can be seen by looking at how an individual in Germany was defined, how they reacted to those not considered Germans, and how they treated their own citizens once they were officially recognized. After World War I, there was a spiritual void left within the people of Germany. The outcome of the war had ripped the German society along the class lines causing great stress and tension among the people. The people of Germany had believed all along that they were winning the war, and therefore the news of surrender came as a great shock to them. To make things worse, the peace treaty established placed the entire fault of the war on Germany and left them responsible for paying for the costs of the war for all who were involved. This sparked a conflict between the middle and working classes in society. Then, the depression followed, creating even more unhappiness among the people. With all of this unhappiness because of the class divisions and the depression, the Nazi... ...It was not a society based upon rights for the good of the individual. End Notes 1 "The Nazi Program." Perry M. Rogers. Aspects of a Western Civilization Volume II: Problems and Sources in History. (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997), 311 2 "The Jewish Peril." Rogers, Aspects of a Western Civilization, 396 3 "The Jewish Peril." Rogers, Aspects of a Western Civilization, 396 4 "The Jewish Peril," "Not a Single Jew," and "Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor." Rogers, Aspects of a Western Civilization, 396-399 5 "Gas." Rogers, Aspects of a Western Civilization, 416 6 "The Nazi Program." Rogers, Aspects of a Western Civilization, 311-312 7 "Speech on the Treaty of Versailles." Rogers, Aspects of a Western Civilization, 313 8 "The Nazi Program." Rogers, Aspects of a Western Civilization, 312

Review Of Platoon :: essays research papers

I wasn’t expecting it, I just looked up and there it was: the disgusting, bloody, mauled body of a dead soldier. The shot was brief and I do not remember if he was strung up on a tree, if he was hanging, or what not. I was not in class the day prior due to a sleepless night led to sickness, so I was not able to watch the first part of the movie. I remembered that our class was supposed to watch a war movie; Ms. Klein was deciding between â€Å"Born on the Fourth of July† and â€Å"Platoon†. I vaguely remember her saying something about one of the movies being a slight bit, well, gruesomely horrifying. Due to a number of things that were due in my classes that day, when I walked into my English room, I was not thinking about the warnings that I was given. Then I looked up. Shocked I guess you could say was my first reaction. I was a little too surprised to be disgusted. Don’t sound so disappointed, I became sick to my stomach all too soon. It was hard for me to concentrate on a lot of â€Å"Platoon† during the first day of class. I looked at the screen only half of the time; I buried my head in current work so as to hide my eyes from the disasters on TV. I would occasionally look up and sure enough, each time I proceeded to lift my head, I squealed, and put it back down. I remember scenes of teenage boys being tortures with bullets, old women and men being killed, girls being raped, and children being put in front of a firing squad. That night, I couldn’t control the terrible scenes that flooded my head as I tried to sleep. The next day, I had learned to deal with the violence a little more than the previous day. I watched almost all of it, having to turn away only occasionally. The emotions that the violence expressed held me taut; it no longer turned me away from the screen, but drew me in, showing me further the horrible nature of war. Even though director Oliver Stone may have exaggerated situations in the war, he presented Vietnam like no one before. War is not shown as an event worthy of glory or praise, we are no longer shown as a brave force of victims. Review Of Platoon :: essays research papers I wasn’t expecting it, I just looked up and there it was: the disgusting, bloody, mauled body of a dead soldier. The shot was brief and I do not remember if he was strung up on a tree, if he was hanging, or what not. I was not in class the day prior due to a sleepless night led to sickness, so I was not able to watch the first part of the movie. I remembered that our class was supposed to watch a war movie; Ms. Klein was deciding between â€Å"Born on the Fourth of July† and â€Å"Platoon†. I vaguely remember her saying something about one of the movies being a slight bit, well, gruesomely horrifying. Due to a number of things that were due in my classes that day, when I walked into my English room, I was not thinking about the warnings that I was given. Then I looked up. Shocked I guess you could say was my first reaction. I was a little too surprised to be disgusted. Don’t sound so disappointed, I became sick to my stomach all too soon. It was hard for me to concentrate on a lot of â€Å"Platoon† during the first day of class. I looked at the screen only half of the time; I buried my head in current work so as to hide my eyes from the disasters on TV. I would occasionally look up and sure enough, each time I proceeded to lift my head, I squealed, and put it back down. I remember scenes of teenage boys being tortures with bullets, old women and men being killed, girls being raped, and children being put in front of a firing squad. That night, I couldn’t control the terrible scenes that flooded my head as I tried to sleep. The next day, I had learned to deal with the violence a little more than the previous day. I watched almost all of it, having to turn away only occasionally. The emotions that the violence expressed held me taut; it no longer turned me away from the screen, but drew me in, showing me further the horrible nature of war. Even though director Oliver Stone may have exaggerated situations in the war, he presented Vietnam like no one before. War is not shown as an event worthy of glory or praise, we are no longer shown as a brave force of victims.

Not Much Just Chillin Essay

Change is known to be the most constant thing in the world. Hence, individuals are often changing which leads to conflicting issues in life. Moreover, every person gets into a stage where in a person needs to change. Most of us experience change during our moments in middle school. Every person during this time of his or her life experiences changes. In addition to this, there are interests which are discovered by these individuals. More so, the changes lead to the various kind personality developments. In the book written by Linda Perlstein titled â€Å"Not Much Just Chillin’† she discussed the reality of middle school. Through her observation, research and writing, Perlstein is able to provide a very vivid and realistic condition of the students in middle school. Hence, it is very evident that middle school children are usually confronted with issue to their families, environment as well as the media which are highly influential to the development of young people. The book written by Perlstein provided a vivid example of the types of individuals within the middle school setting. There are the typical individuals such as the popular group, the geeks, the minor ethnicities and the likes. More so, the people who are reading the book could easily relate to the various types of individuals being portrayed in the book. Definitely, the book is presenting a very important aspect of the teenage life. Different parts of the book present a very good perspective of the situation in middle school. Moreover, the writing of Perlstein focuses on the perspective of the youth during their development into adulthood. In the light of this, the book provides a very easy reading to different individuals. For the book is discussing about the youth and their development, the book somehow reaches to the young audiences who are interested in reading and understanding the stages of their development. The varieties of stages that are being experienced by different groups in the middle school setting are discussed through a very descriptive style. On the other hand, parents must also read this book for it provides insights regarding the development of their children. Although it is known that parents have been in the same stage of youth, the changes and liberation of teenagers are still different in the current era. Also, professors and teachers must be able to comprehend the various types of students in school. More so, the book presents a descriptive perspective of the situation in the middle school setting however Perlstein does not provide any type of resolution regarding this matter. The readers are left hanging of what they could do in order to have a safe environment for different students. In conclusion, the book is a good read for individuals who are interested in the psychological perspective of middle school age group. More so, there is nothing really shocking about the book provided by Perlstein. Through the very clear influence of media and the environment many youth are led to very complicated situations such as teenage pregnancy, drug addiction, and a changing perception with regards to responsibilities and adulthood. These problematic cases are stated to be caused by different entities provided in the earlier paragraphs. Therefore, all the entities become an important influence to the lives of each student. Definitely the book written by Perlstein is very informative however; it also has the similar type of theme compared to other books available. Although this is the case, the book was able to reach to me as a reader. Through the experiences which I had in the past, I know have a better understanding of myself. Furthermore, I have a better understanding of the people surrounding me. Hence, I was able to create my own methods of addressing the issues of different personalities and perspectives. Due to the book written by Perlstein I was able to enjoy a book relating to various kinds of individuals.

Itt Tech Comp. Ii Final Paper

Course Project Submission The Legalization of Marijuana J. Doe ITT Technical Institute March 7, 2013 Composition II Dr. Sue Introduction Marijuana should be legalized. That is the decision everyone in our group has come to. We believe the pros of marijuana use greatly outnumber the cons, and that the government needs to realize that. Defending either side of this argument is actually quite difficult. Any studies that you may find can be disproven by studies performed from the opposition and vice versa. Still, we have not found anything that has even came close to changing our opinions.Medical Use Many studies have been performed that prove marijuana can help with the treatment of many types of cancers. Metastasis is when cancer cells spread from one part of the body to another (Mandal, n. d. , What is Metastasis). Scientists at California Pacific Medical Center have found a compound in marijuana that can actually stop metastasis. This compound is called Cannabidiol. They learned this first by testing the compound on animals that had cancer and have proven that it works. They are now waiting on approval to begin human testing (Wilkey, 2012, Marijuana and Cancer).It can also be used to replace many pain pills that damage our kidneys and cause major addictions. Studies show that smoking marijuana can help lessen nerve pain or pain caused by surgery. â€Å"About 10% to 15% of patients attending a chronic pain clinic use cannabis as part of their pain control strategy†(Doheny, 2010, Marijuana Relieves Chronic Pain). Lower Crime Rates In 2011, after legalizing marijuana in California, the juvenile crime rate dropped 20 percent. The number of arrests for violent crimes dropped by 16 percent, homicide went down by 26 percent and drug arrests decreased by nearly 50 percent.In 2010, marijuana possession accounted for 64 percent of all drug arrests, and in 2011, that number decreased to only 46 percent (Sankin, 2012, California Marijuana Decriminalization). Many pe ople believe that drug dispensaries would attract crime. A study has shown that crime actually seems to be much less near the dispensaries then in the areas where dispensaries have been closed. â€Å"On the blocks with closed dispensaries, crime was 60% greater within a three-block radius, and 25% greater within a six-block radius than on the blocks with open dispensaries, according to the study† (Shaw, 2011, Study Show Lower Crime Rate).A Better Economy There are many ways legalizing marijuana can help the economy. Marijuana-related charges would fall significantly, saving US prisons nearly $1 billion annually. Ending prohibition laws against marijuana would save taxpayers $41. 8 billion annually. Marijuana growers in California account for $14 billion a year now that is legalized there. The selling of marijuana illegally is a $38 billion industry which is money our government is missing out on (Bradford, 2012, Boost the Economy). Physical Dangers to UsersThere are many stud ies that show marijuana use can greatly impair a user’s motor skills. They have shown that these impairments lead to a much higher rate of vehicle accidents even though people think being high has nothing to do with it. Studies have also shown that the constant inhalation of smoke, whether it is tobacco or marijuana, can lead to cancer. There has also been a link of marijuana use to psychosis, anxiety, and panic attacks (Lipkis, 2012, Impaired Driving Skills). A Worse Economy Polls show that many people do not believe legalizing marijuana would boost the economy. About a quarter of those polled said legalized pot would lead to more jobs in their communities; 57 percent said there would be no effect. About a third thinks the economy would improve, while 46 percent foresee no impact† (Grisling, 2010, Will NOT Boost Economy). In fact, many people think it will make things worse. This is because while marijuana dispensaries are favored, there are not many people that would invest in them. â€Å"If marijuana was decriminalized, more Americans favor private businesses selling it (54 percent) than the government (36 percent).But just 24 percent said they would be interested in investing in a company that sells pot† (Grisling, 2010, Will NOT Boost Economy). Conclusion The legalization of marijuana is, in our opinion, a good thing. Many people have benefitted from using marijuana even if there are some undesirable side effects. Moderation is something that needs to be applied. Whether it be marijuana or even exercising, too much can hurt you. Recreational use is not what was discussed here. Improving upon the lives we are currently living, through the different applications of marijuana, is what we aimed to point out.

Marilyn Monroe Essay

I have way too many influential people in my life. One too many. However there is one person I’ve looked up to for the past couple of years that really stood out from all the rest and although she doesn’t live today, I’m sure many young girls such as I look up to her and see her as an inspirational icon. Her birth name is Norma Jeane Mortenson but she’s greatly known today by her stage name, â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†. She was an actress, singer, model, showgirl, and soon also became a major sex symbol.   I look up to Marilyn, not only because of how good-looking she was, but because Marilyn Monroe was an incredible person that had gone through soooo many rough patches all throughout her life. She was very up front and bold and didn’t give a damn about what anyone thought about her and what she did, she was very smart. Not just book-smart, but street-smart too. Marilyn Monroe was an amazing person and I can go on and on about her and how wonderful she was. And still is to this day. Read more:  Person to admire essay Marilyn Monroe, as I said, had many rough patches all throughout her life. In a way, she relates to me. Very rebellious and like I said earlier, didn’t care what anyone else around her thought about her, just as long as she had her fun. She was a singer, which is one thing I most definitely love about her. Also, the fact that Marilyn has many of these quotes†¦ if you read all of the quotes from Marilyn Monroe, you’d definitely fall in love with them, just like I have. She came out to be deep and wise with the words she had left behind for the entire world to know. She seems to me†¦ as a realist and also a feminist, which I DEFINITELY LOVE to death, because I’m both a realist and also a feminist. The way she was growing up†¦ it seemed to me that everyone, well most, had tried bringing her down and holding her back most of her life. Telling her in a way that she couldn’t become whatever she wanted to become. That she wouldn’t be able to peruse any of her dreams. That she really wouldn’t go anywhere in her life. Despite all of the let downs and all the people who had tried to bring her down, Marilyn Monroe was still a strong person, who, despite what anyone said, proved them all wrong. I respect and look up to Marilyn Monroe for her confidence, her beauty, her  talent, and also for her perspective on many things in life. Although she had died at such a young age, Marilyn truly did bring out the meaning of â€Å"living life to the fullest†. She made the best out of her life. Had fun, day and night. She had persued her dreams and I look up to her for it because she just basically shows that you can do anything only if you set your mind to it and you let no one get in your way. It’s one of the reasons why I admire Marilyn Monroe so much.

Communication Studies Internal Assessment Essay

The Communication Studies course requires us as students to complete an internal assessment. The internal assessment grade will be added to the cape communication studies examination grade to produce the final grade. Not completing the internal assessment will result in a failure grade because without the internal assessment grade the examination grade will ‘Ungraded’. Relationship to Work-related Interests The theme that I choose to study for my Internal Assessment has no relation to my work related interest. Relationship to Personal Interests The theme that I chose has significant relation to my personal interest. It is my personal opinion that the police force has caused their police related killings to rise greatly over the years. Theme and Purpose THEME The theme that I will be focusing on is Police Brutality but looking in depth on reckless shooting. PURPOSE My purpose for choosing this theme is because the number of police related has made a significant rise over the years and the police’s incident reports seem to be inaccurate and unbelievable. Treatment PREFACE The reflective piece is a story about a boy who witnessed police brutality first hand. The intended audience for the piece is my subject teacher, fellow classmates and to others to whom it may concern. Reflective Piece Another week of football practice was finally over for David. He was extremely tired and had a long journey home since he lived about forty miles for school. David was a seventeen year old boy in his last year of high school. David had to take three different vehicles to and from school every day. He left school about 5:00pm and now as he was about to board his second vehicle it was 6:30pm which means he would not reach home until minutes to nine. David did not like to travel on the road at such late hours but had no choice, to remain a member of the football team, practice was a must. While travelling on the bus David was replaying what he learned at school today in his head, both at class and on the field. Because David was a strong believer that sports plus academics was the recipe for success. About to board his final transport home he hears his name being shouted from behind. â€Å"David, David!!† When he looked back it was his Uncle Sean. David’s Uncle was an electrician; he lived seven blocks away with his wife, Stephanie, and their three children, Danielle, Kayla and Donovan. David liked Uncle Sean the best because they shared the same love for football. â€Å"How was football practice David?† Sean asked as soon as David entered the car, â€Å"It was cool, learnt a new tackling technique today†, David replied. The rest of the journey they talked about nothing but football, the English premier league, the best football players in Jamaica, the world cup champions. David completely forgot how tired he was and was completely wrapped up in his intense conversation with his Uncle. Out of nowhere behind them they heard a police’s car siren. Uncle Sean, thinking that they wanted clear passage to pass, slowed down but they were not passing the car. Uncle Sean decided to stop the car and see what the problem was. The police car stopped in front of them and two police officers exited the car. â€Å"Get out of the car, this is a search†, one of them ordered. David and his uncle exited the car and watch while the one of the officers searched the car. The other went to David and his uncle, â€Å"Lift your hands in the air and spread your legs, two a inno†, he ordered. After completing his search he walked over to the other officer. â€Å"So we find weed pon yuh, yuh no say yuh can affi pay five thousand dollar or else†, one of the officers said, holding a parcel with ganja inside of it. â€Å"That is not mine; it must be yours because I don’t know where you found that. It could not be in my car†, Sean replied. â€Å"Yow idiot bwoy, a accuse yuh a accuse mi partner!† the other officer shouted. The police officer walked right up to Sean and hit him in the face. â€Å"do wah yuh want, mi nah pay yuh no money batty bwoy†, Sean screamed. The police man pointed the gun in Sean face and said, â€Å"gaan way to far† and fired the gun, twice. David ran in some nearby bushes and escaped the police. That night David’s uncle died. Again the police force had robbed another family one of their valuable members. Robbed a business one valuable employee and robbed society a valuable member. David reached home safely and told his mother everything that happened. *JUSTICE MUST BE SERVED*

Needs Theories

1. INTRODUCTION Motivation is an important element in organizational learning due to its ability to enable employees to function effectively. There are several theories of motivation which can be useful to managers in motivating employees of organizations. You may ask yourself what motivation is. Well, motivation is that drive you have within you to get something done, what drives you to work as much as you do, for example, a student will want an A in a test, he will be motivated to study hard and achieve that A.It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. Motivation stems from psychological factors within the person, but can also be induced by factors in the workplace. In human resource management it is essential to know how workers inputs via their task inputs and inputs via superiors can be conductive to worker effectiveness. Motivation is a process that involves the purposiveness of behaviour. Factors that have been shown by research include externa l and internal activators.In this assignment we will outline important motivation theories and how they are used in the workplace. Motivation theories seek to 2. MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS Peoples’ needs are arranged according to its importance of human survival. Human needs may be placed in a hierarchy where the lowest level contains the most basic needs, which must be satisfied before the higher order needs emerge and become motivators of behaviour. The needs of the hierarchy are as follows, psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, ego/esteem needs and self-actualization needs.Psychological needs: These are the basic needs for a human which are essential for a human beings biological functioning and survival. Examples would be food, water and warmth. Employees who are adequately paid can provide for these needs. Safety needs: As soon as the psychological needs are satisfied, another level of needs emerge and the importance of the previous level of needs disappear. In this level a person looks for security, stability and a safe environment. Many employees’ most important need is job security; other security factors include increases in salary and benefits.Social needs: Once a person feels secure in their surroundings and are in control of possible threats, social needs are activated. These include the need for love, acceptance, friendship and a sense of belonging. At this level, employees desire social relationships inside and outside the organization. Peer group acceptance within the workplace is often an important psychological need for employees. Ego/esteem needs: These needs may be divided into two groups namely, self- respect and self-esteem, the respect and approval of others.Once employees form friendships the need for self-esteem becomes priority. Needs, such as self-confidence, independence, recognition, appreciation and achievement all fall under this level. Organizational factors such as job title, status items within the organ ization, such as parking spaces or office size and level of responsibility become important to the employee. Self- actualization: If all the above mentioned needs are largely satisfied, people than spend their time searching for opportunities to apply their skills to the best of their ability.Maslow describes the needs as the desire to become more and more what one is and to become everything one is capable of becoming. Self-actualization is the uninhibited expression of your true self and your talents. Employees seek challenging and creative jobs to achieve self-actualization. This theory has many implications for individual performance, the most common strategy being motivating people in terms of service benefits and job security. The work people do and the way the work environment is designed, increases interaction between employees which helps satisfy social needs.However, disadvantages pertaining to this may result in excessive socialization and may have a negative effect on th e employees work output (NEL P. S et al,2004). If a person’s work is directly associated with need satisfaction, then that person becomes self-regulating, making the roles of external incentives become less significant as motivators. As one level of need is met, a person moves onto the next level of need as a source of motivation. Hence, people progress up the hierachy as they successively gratify each level if need(Nelson Q, 2011) (http://upload. ikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs. png) 3. HERTZBURGS TWO FACTOR THEORY Herzberg's Two Factor Theory is a â€Å"content theory† of motivation† (the other main one is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs). Herzberg analysed the job attitudes of 200 accountants and engineers who were asked to recall when they had felt positive or negative at work and the reasons why. From this research, Herzberg suggested a two-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction, these were hygiene factors and motivator factors. Hygiene Factors:Hygiene factors are based on the need to for a business to avoid dissatisfaction at work. If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then they can cause dissatisfaction with work. Hygiene factors include: * Company policy and administration * Wages, salaries and other financial remuneration * Quality of supervision * Quality of inter-personal relations * Working conditions * Feelings of job security Motivator Factors: Motivator factors are based on an individual's need for personal growth. When they exist, motivator factors actively create job satisfaction.If they are effective, then they can motivate an individual to achieve above-average performance and effort. Motivator factors include: * Status * Opportunity for advancement * Gaining recognition * Responsibility * Challenging / stimulating work * Sense of personal achievement & personal growth in a job There is some similarity between Herzberg's and Maslow's models. Th ey both suggest that needs have to be satisfied for the employee to be motivated. However, Herzberg argues that only the higher levels of the Maslow Hierarchy (e. g. elf-actualisation, esteem needs) act as a motivator. The remaining needs can only cause dissatisfaction if not addressed. Applying Hertzberg's model to de-motivated workers These few examples indicate de-motivated employees in the workplace: * Low productivity * Poor production or service quality * Strikes / industrial disputes / breakdowns in employee communication and relationships * Complaints about pay and working conditions According to Herzberg, management should focus on rearranging work so that motivator factors can take effect.He suggested three ways in which this could be done: * Job enlargement: It is a human resource practice used to motivate employees in a particular position. A job is enlarged horizontally through the addition of new responsibilities and diverse duties. * Job rotation: A system of working in which employees work in a range of jobs in a company so that they have different types of work to do and understand the organization better, it can help employers by keeping employees from getting bored and looking for another job. Job enrichment: Motivating employees through expanding job responsibilities and giving increased control over the total production process. Employees normally receiving training and additional support as well as increased input in procuderes. 4. VROOMS EXPECTANCY MOTIVATION THEORY Whereas Maslow and Herzberg look at the relationship between internal needs and the resulting effort expended to fulfil them, Vroom's expectancy theory separates effort (which arises from motivation), performance, and outcomes.Vroom's expectancy theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain. Vroom realized that an employee's performance is based on individual factors such as persona lity, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. He stated that effort, performance and motivation are linked in a person's motivation. He uses the variables Expectancy, Instrumentality and Valence to account for this. Expectancy is the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance i. e. f I work harder then this will be better. This is affected by such things as: 1. Having the right resources available (e. g. raw materials, time) 2. Having the right skills to do the job 3. Having the necessary support to get the job done (e. g. supervisor support, or correct information on the job) Instrumentality is the belief that if you perform well that a valued outcome will be received. The degree to which a first level outcome will lead to the second level outcome. i. e. if I do a good job, there is something in it for me. This is affected by such things as: 1.Clear understanding of the relationship between performance and outcomes – e. g. the rules of the reward â €˜game' 2. Trust in the people who will take the decisions on who gets what outcome 3. Transparency of the process that decides who gets what outcome Valence is the importance that the individual places upon the expected outcome. For the valence to be positive, the person must prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it. For example, if someone is mainly motivated by money, he or she might not value offers of additional time off.The theory has three key elements or concepts that it uses: 1. Performance-outcome expectancy: This means that the individual belives that every behaviour is connected to an outcome, and different levels of that behaviour can be connected to different levels of the outcome. 2. Value: With regard to that, the attractiveness of that outcome depends on the individual, for one, the outcome may be a highly values reward whereas for another, it could be perceived as a punishment. 3. Effort-Performance expectancy: Lastly, individuals evealuate the effort-pe rformance expectancy relationship.In essence, the employee asks himself whether he will be able to perform a specific task and translates those perceptions to probabilies of success. He or she then chooses the behaviours' that have the highest likelihood of success. Crucially, Vroom's expectancy theory works on perceptions, so even if an employer thinks they have provided everything appropriate for motivation, and even if this works with most people in that organisation, it doesn't mean that someone won't perceive that it doesn't work for them. It could equally apply to any situation where someone does something because they expect a certain outcome.For example, one recycles paper because they think it's important to conserve resources and take a stand on environmental issues (valence); they think that the more effort they put into recycling the more paper they will recycle (expectancy); and they think that the more paper they recycle then less resources will be used (instrumentalit y). Thus, Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation is not about self-interest in rewards but about the associations people make towards expected outcomes and the contribution they feel they can make towards those outcomes. 5. ADAMS EQUITY THEORYJohn Stacey Adams, a workplace and behavioural psychologist, put forward his Equity Theory on job motivation in 1963. There are similarities with interpretation of previous simpler theories of Maslow, Herzberg and other pioneers of workplace psychology, in that the theory acknowledges that subtle and variable factors affect each individual's assessment and perception of their relationship with their work, and thereby their employer. One of the most important issues in motivation is how people view their contributions to the organization and what they get from it.Ideally, they will view their relationship with the employer as a well-balanced, mutually beneficial exchange. As peope work, they realize their consequences of their actions, develop beliefs about outcomes and asses how fairly the organization treats them(Snell A. S. & Batemen T. S 1999, Management:Building Competetive Advantage). The Adams' Equity Theory model therefore extends beyond the individual self, and incorporates influence and comparison of other people's situations – for example colleagues and friends – in forming a comparative view and awareness of Equity, which commonly manifests as a sense of what is fair.When people feel fairly or advantageously treated they are more likely to be motivated, when they feel unfairly treated they are highly prone to feelings of disaffection and demotivation. The way that people measure this sense of fairness is at the heart of Equity Theory. Equity, and thereby the motivational situation we might seek to assess using the model, is not dependent on the extent to which a person believes reward exceeds effort, nor even necessarily on the belief that reward exceeds effort at all.Rather, Equity, and the sens e of fairness which commonly underpins motivation, is dependent on the comparison a person makes between his or here reward/investment ratio with the ratio enjoyed (or suffered) by others considered to be in a similar situation. Equity Theory reminds us that people see themselves and crucially the way they are treated in terms of their surrounding environment, team, system, etc – not in isolation – and so they must be managed and treated accordingly.Some people reduce effort and application and become inwardly disgruntled, or outwardly difficult, recalcitrant or even disruptive. Other people seek to improve the outputs by making claims or demands for more reward, or seeking an alternative job. 6. ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY A theory of human needs more advanced than Maslow’s theory is Alderfers ERG theory, meaning that Maslows theory has general applicability whereas Adelfer aims his theory at understanding peoples needs at work.Aldelfers theory builds on some of Maslows thinking but reduces the number of universal needs from five to three and is more flexible in terms of movememy in levels. Like Maslow, Alderfer also believes that needs can be arranged in a heirachy. The ERG theory infers that there are three sets of needs: * Extintence needs are all material and psychological desires. * Relatedness needs involve relationships with other people and are satisfied through the process of mutually sharing thoughts and feelings. Growth needs motivate people to productivity or creatively change themselves or their environment. ERG theory proposes that several needs can be operating at once, whereas Maslow assumes that lower-level needs must be satisfied begore a higher-level need is a motivator. Alderfer lifts this restiction. Accordning to the ERG theory, a higher-level need can be a motivator even if a lower-level need is not fully satisfied, hence several needs can be operating at once. Maslow would say that self-actualization is important to people only after other sets of needs are satisfied.Aldelfer maintains that people can be motivated to satisfy both existence and growth needs at the same time. Alderfer agrees that as lower level needs are satisfied, a worker becomes motivated to satisfy higher-level needs, but he breaks down with Maslow on the consequences of need-frustration. Maslow says that once a lower-level need is satisfied, it is no longer a source of motivation, whereas Alderfer suggests that when an individual is motivated to satisfy a higher-level need but has difficulty doing so, the motivation to satisfy lower-level needs becomes higher.To see how this works, lets look at a middle manager in a manufacturing firm whose relatedness needs(lower-lvel needs) are satidfied. The manager is currently motivated to try and satisfy her growth needs but finds this difficult to do so as she has been in the same position for the past five years. She is extremely skilled and knowlegable about the job and the fact that she has too much work and responsibiliies already leave her no time to pursue anything new or exciting. Essentially, the managers motivation to satisfy her growth needs are being frustrated because of the nature of her job.Alderfer postulates that this frustration will increase the managers motivation to satsfy a lower-levelneed such as relatedness. As a result of this motivation, the manager becomes more concerned about interpersonal relations at work and continually seeks honest feedback from her colleagues. Both Maslows and Alderfers theories have practical value in that they remind managers the type of reinforcers or rewards that can be used to motivate people. (http://www. envisionsoftware. com/es_img/Alderfer_ERG_Theory. gif) 7. McCLELLANDS NEEDS THEORY The theory was developed by David McClelland and his associates.It focuses on three needs, achievement, power and affiliation. Achievement is characterized by a strong orientation towards accomplishment and an obession wit h success and goal attainment. It is a drive to excel and to achieve set standards. Challening work motivates them and they take personal responsibility for success or failure. They like to set goals that require stretching themselves a little and have a drive to succeed, they strive for achievement rather than rewards. They wish to do something better or more efficiently than it has been done before.The people with this need look for situations where they can attain peronal responsibility for finding solutions to problems , in which they can get quick feedback of their performance so they can determine whether they are improving or not. This helps them to set their goals. The need for power is a desire to influence or contol other people. This need can be a negetive force which is termed personalizes power, if its expressed through aggressive minipulation and exploiting others, these people want power only to achieve their own personal goals.However the need for power can also be s een in a positive manner which is called socialized power because it can be be conducted towards the constructive improvement of organizations ans societies. It is basically the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise. Individuals with a high need of power prefer to be placed into competitive and status-orientated situations and tend to be more concerned with prestige than with effective performance. Affiliation reflects a strong desire to be liked by other people such as your colleagues nd anoyone you may be working with. Individuals who have a high level of this need are more orientated towards getting along with others and may be less concerned with performing at high levels. These types of individuals are usually very social and friendly. The need for affliation is not important for management and leadership success as one would find it difficult to make tough but necessary decisions which will make some people unhappy. They prefer cooperat ive situations rather than competitive ones and desire relationships that involve a high degree of mutual understanding. . McGREGORS THEORY OF X AND Y Douglas McGreggors theory of X and Y is a management based style of theory that tries to expalin different management styles and leadership behaviour within the workplace. McGreggor proposed that the organizations leaders and the organization as a whole has different views on the skills and motivation of the employees of the organization. These potential views can be described as Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X With Theory X assumptions, management's role is to coerce and control employees. People have an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever possible. * People must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment in order to get them to achieve the organizational objectives. * People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility, and have little or no ambition. * People seek security above all else. Theory Y With Theory Y assumptions, management's role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals. * Work is as natural as play and rest. People will exercise self-direction if they are committed to the objectives (they are NOT lazy). * Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. * People learn to accept and seek responsibility. * Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem. * People have potential. McGreggor did not see these theories as mutually exclusive and believed that managers could use these theories simultaneously.He compared his theory with Maslow’s where he put Maslow's higher needs and Theory X together and lower needs to Theory X. This proposes that people who are seeking higher needs, such as self-actualization, are motivated by a Theory Y lead er, whereas people who don’t have work-related needs are motivated by Theory X leadership style. 9. CONCLUSION In conclusion, It is therefore essential for organizations to look for and employ people who â€Å"fit† into the values of the organization and are able to function according to organizational values.Organizations must also have suitable managers who have the ability to coach and mentor their employees to deliver optimally. Enhanced leadership enables managers to motivate their employees to produce the best possible skills and practices in human resources. Research confirms the importance of motivation in leading employees and influencing them to stimulate and energize people so that they â€Å"work towards organizational goals†. Researchers have placed great importance on the responsibility of managers â€Å"to create a proper climate in which employees can develop to their fullest potential†.All these motivational theories have played a pivotal role in helping managers achieve the best results, and also helped undestand how important motivation is. Motivation thoeries give a broader explanation about how people perceive their work and lives, and how they use these insights to motivate themselves and grow, as people as well as in their jobs. 10. LIST OF REFERENCES NELSON, Q. (2011), Principles of Organizational Behaviour, 7th Edition, Place: South-Western Cengage Learning LUTHANS, F. (1998), Organizational Behaviour, 8th Edition. Place: McGraw-Hill Irwin. GEORGE, J.M and JONES, G. R. (2002), Organizational Behaviour, 3rd Edition, Place:Prentice Hall. MULLENS, L. J( 2010),Management and Organizational Behaviour, 9th Edition. Place: Prentice Hall. ANTHONY, W. P et al(1999), Human Resource Management: A strategic approach, 3rd Edition, Place: Hartcourt College Publishers. BERGH,Z and THERON,A. (2006). Psychology in the work context, 3rd Edition. Place: Prentice Hall. ROBBINS, S. P. (2003). Organizational Behaviour, 10th Editi on. Place: Prentice Hall. ROSENFELD,R. H and WILSON,D. C(2004). Managing Organizations, 2nd Edition. Place: Oxford.